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Haematological Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
The function of lymphocytes is to recognize non-self antigens and to generate the adaptive cellular (T lymphocyte) and humoral (B lymphocyte) immune responses to them. Normal lymphocyte count: 1.0–4.0 × 109/LIncreased lymphocyte count: >4.0 × 109/L = lymphocytosisDecreased lymphocyte count: <1.0 × 109/L = lymphopenia
Serological Typing of HLA-A, -B, and -C Antigens
Published in M. Kam, Jeffrey L. Bidwell, Handbook of HLA TYPING TECHNIQUES, 2020
Always remember the definition limitations of the sera being used. Several important points should be remembered when assigning a typing. The individual being typed should be considered. Patients on chronic hemodialysis may give poor serological reaction patterns due to poor HLA antigen expression. Lymphocytes from some leukemic patients may give "extra" reactions with some typing sera due to a high proportion of class II positive cells and the "extra" reactions may be due to class II reactivity of the sera. For this reason it is useful to know if the HLA class I typing sera have class II reactivity. By knowing the class II typing of the individual the "extra" reactions with the class I sera can be reviewed to see whether they are true "extras" or class II activity. This is obviously important when the individual has only one antigen defined at the A or B locus because the "extra" reactions may be the serological reactions of the second antigen. The reactivity and serological patterns obtained with patients’ lymphocytes may depend upon the diagnosis and current treatment. EBV transformed cell lines can be difficult to type and require special typing conditions because of the class II activity in some class I reagents. Such lines are more sensitive to lymphocytotoxicity.
Cellular Components of Blood
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
Lymphocytes are immunologically competent cells that assist and add specificity to the defence of the body against infection. About 20%–40% of all white cells are lymphocytes. These come in two types from common stem cells in fetal bone and complete their development either via the bone itself (B lymphocytes) or in the thymus (T lymphocytes).
Impact of Radiation Therapy on Biological Parameters in Cancer Patients: Sub-analysis from the RIT Prospective Epidemiological Study
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2023
Nicolas Magné, Elisabeth Daguenet, Wafa Bouleftour, Laurine Conraux, Fabien Tinquaut, Kevin Grangeon, Pablo Moreno-Acosta, Jean-Philippe Suchaud, Chloé Rancoule, Jean-Baptiste Guy
This study showed a lymphopenia-related to RT, which never recovered to baseline lymphocyte levels. Indeed, lymphocytes have been described as the most sensitive cells to radiation in the hematopoietic system (38). The analysis of the hematological inflammatory indicators and their ability to serve as possible prognostic factors have been investigated in several malignant tumors. These have suggested that mainly lymphocytes interplay in controlling tumor growth via secreting cytokines such as interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Thus, low lymphocyte counts may reflect the impaired host immunosurveillance, which might lead to a poor prognosis. Indeed, a recent meta-analysis concluded that radiation induced lymphopenia decreased the overall survival and promoted the progression of head and neck cancer patients (39). Further investigations are therefore needed to evaluate lymphopenia-related RT and the prognosis of solid tumors.
Prognostic Significance of Prognostic Nutritional Index in Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
San-Chao Xiong, Xu Hu, Thongher Lia, Yao-Hui Wang, Xiang Li
Systemic inflammation plays an important role in cancer progression. It was hypothesized that tumors profit from the inflammatory process in their microenvironment (32). Inflammatory cytokines could activate the cancer stem cell pathways necessary for initial tumor development and subsequent invasion of adjacent tissues (33). Based on these findings, laboratory inflammation markers such as C-reactive protein and lymphocyte count has been associated with the prognosis of RCC (6, 7, 34). Lymphocyte plays a critical role in cell-mediated immunity, which activates to clear the tumor cells and inhibit their development and invasion (32). A low lymphocyte count might be related to a poor lymphocyte-mediated response to tumor and lead to a poor survival (35). Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) could attenuate T-lymphocyte activation and promote T-regulatory cell development and function for terminating the immune response (13). And high PD-L1 expression was found to be associated with poor prognosis in RCC (36). Besides, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are significant components of anti-tumor response. The higher tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes mean more strongly anti-tumor effects and better survival outcomes (37).
Bacteria and cells as alternative nano-carriers for biomedical applications
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Rafaela García-Álvarez, María Vallet-Regí
Another type of leukocytes that has been proposed as a potential drug delivery system is lymphocytes [137]. There are three main subtypes of lymphocytes: T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. Among them, T cells are the ones that have been more extensively investigated as alternative drug carriers. These cells are specialized in destroying foreign invaders, increasing the B cell response and activating near-localized cells to stimulate the immune response. In addition to cell specificity and induced apoptosis, T cells are also able to cross the blood-brain barriers, which gives them access to restricted parts of the body. Stephan and coworkers [138] took advantage of the ability of these cells to target and accumulate in tumors to design a drug carrier attaching drug-loaded NPs on the surface of T cells for potential cancer treatment. Another study reported the use of T-cells combined with lipid nanocapsules for the therapy of lymphomas (hematological cancer), which was revealed to increase survival and reduce tumor growth [139].