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An Introduction to the Immune System and Vaccines
Published in Patricia G. Melloy, Viruses and Society, 2023
The cells, tissues, organs, and vessels of the immune system of the human body are physically known as the lymphatic system. Lymphatic tissue can also be found in other body systems, including the digestive system and the respiratory system. Lymph, a fluid that circulates in the body independent of blood, flows into lymph nodes (glands) that are connected by lymphatic vessels. Organs such as the spleen, thymus, and bone marrow are all networked with the lymph nodes through the lymphatic system (Ross and Pawlina 2011). Lymph nodes can filter lymph and are major sites where immune reactions take place (Cruse and Lewis 2009). The major parts of the lymphatic system are shown in Figure 2.2.
Facial anatomy
Published in Michael Parker, Charlie James, Fundamentals for Cosmetic Practice, 2022
Although most of the fluid in blood is returned to the heart by blood vessels, a small portion remains as extracellular interstitial fluid. This fluid is high in white cells and drains into tiny, blind-ended, highly permeable lymph capillaries which collect fluid from surrounding tissues, carrying it into larger lymph vessels, which, in turn, drain into lymph nodes. Lymphatic vessels entering a lymph node are called afferent lymph vessels, and those leaving lymph nodes are called efferent lymph vessels. The lymphatic system has no central pump like the heart and instead relies on peristalsis of the lymph vessels themselves, as well as contraction of surrounding skeletal muscles. Anything which impairs lymphatic drainage, such as damage to lymph vessels or muscle paralysis, can cause an accumulation of tissue fluid, leading to lymphoedema and swelling. This can give a poor cosmetic result and may also leave patients at risk of infection.
The Host Immune Response Against Parasitic Helminth Infection
Published in Peter D. Walzer, Robert M. Genta, Parasitic Infections in the Compromised Host, 2020
T-cell-mediated immune responses are found commonly in helminth infections, the pathological consequences of which are most often reflected in granuloma formation. Such granulomata have been best studied in Schistosoma mansoni infections, where T-cell control of their size and development has been documented (45, 46). Indeed, work with T cells from patients with recent S. mansoni infections has indicated that CD3+CD4+ T cells mediate granulomatous hypersensitivity (47). Furthermore, work done with murine schistosome antigen-reactive T-cell clones has indicated not only that these "helper/inducer" cells regulate the formation of granulomas but also that they produce lymphokines such as eosinophil stimulation promoter and macrophage-activating factor. These products may contribute to the recruitment of cells to the area of granulomatous inflammation (48). While granulomas presumably act to isolate and thereby eradicate the parasite, often these local areas of immunological activity actually damage normal tissue. For example, in schistosomiasis, scarring of the portal tracts resulting from the fibrosis following granuloma formation (46) can lead to cirrhosis and portal hypertension. In lymphatic filariasis, similar fibrotic reactions have been found surrounding adult parasites in the lymphatic channels and lymph nodes (1); this "scarring" is felt to be in part responsible for the lymphedema, elephantiasis, hydrocele, and chyluria found in this condition.
Reliability and validity testing of the Korean translation of lymphedema quality of life questionnaire (LYMQOL) for lower limb lymphedema
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2023
Seung Mi Yeo, Kyeong Eun Uhm, Ji Sung Yoo, Ji Hye Hwang
Lower limb lymphedema is a major side effect of pelvic lymph node dissection and radiation therapy in cancer treatment. Lymphedema is a progressive disease wherein fluid accumulation, and chronic inflammation occur due to impaired lymph function [1]. Apart from the exact etiology, lymphedema is characterized by limb swelling, atrophic skin changes, secondary infections, and local pain, leading to a poor QOL [2]. Lymphedema causes a decrease in physical, mental, and social function [3,4]. Therefore, it is important to conduct an appropriate assessment of QOL by using a validated tool. Initially, most researchers used health-related QOL tools to assess a patient’s general QOL, such as the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) [5], the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core30 question (EORTC QLQ-C30) [6], and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) [7]. However, these assessments lack specific information regarding patients with lymphedema.
Phenylboronic ester-modified polymeric nanoparticles for promoting TRP2 peptide antigen delivery in cancer immunotherapy
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Qiyan Wang, Zhipeng Dong, Fangning Lou, Yunxue Yin, Jiahao Zhang, Hanning Wen, Tao Lu, Yue Wang
Lymph nodes are the important sites for generating antigen-specific immune responses (Zhu et al., 2017; Singha et al., 2018). During the process of vaccination, peptide vaccine can firstly drain into lymph nodes and then be trapped in it for DC uptake. Subsequently DCs will become mature, inducing potent cellular immune response. Many studies show that particles with a suitable size (from 10 to 100 nm) (Irvine et al., 2015; Gause et al., 2017) can be trapped in lymph node for sustaining antigen presenting. Apart from the size, nanovaccine requires a negative surface charge for more efficient drainage to lymph node and optimal phagocytosis in DC (Gause et al., 2017; Riley et al., 2019). Therefore, it is cogent that effective delivery of nanocarrier could promote therapeutic efficacy in the immunotherapy.
Primary extranodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the rituximab era: a single center, retrospective analysis
Published in Hematology, 2022
Jinrong Zhao, Wei Zhang, Daobin Zhou
Malignant lymphomas, which represent a diverse group of diseases, may arise in tissues other than lymph nodes. However, the definition of extranodal lymphomas remains controversial, especially when both lymph nodes and extranodal sites are involved. On the basis of previous studies[1–4], lymphoma is defined as primarily extranodal if (1) the dominant lesions are present at extranodal sites, and (2) lymph node involvement is only minor or absent. The prevalence of primary extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (PE-NHL) varies across countries and ranges from 8.7% to 48%[5–8]. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common (71%−81.3%) pathological subtype of PE-NHL[4, 9]. Primary extranodal DLBCL (PE-DLBCL) originates from nearly every extranodal site of the body, especially in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, followed by the nasopharynx and neck, breast, central nervous system (CNS), skin, bone, thyroid, testis, and rarely other sites[4, 10, 11].