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Renal Disease; Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
When clinicians refer to body fluid, they mean body water content. Sometimes, the terms body fluid volume and body volume are also used (e.g. ‘volume contracted’ or ‘volume overloaded’). Body water consists of water in cells (intracellular fluid) and water outside cells (extracellular fluid).Extracellular fluid consists of water in the circulation or vascular compartment (intravascular fluid) and water in the tissues or interstitial or extravascular compartment (extravascular fluid).Intravascular extracellular fluid is plasma.
Activity Quantification from Planar Images
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
In planar gamma-camera images, the source region for which the activity is estimated is rarely completely separated from activity uptakes in other tissues. When ROIs are drawn in the image, there will thus also be counts originating from over- or underlying tissues along the projection direction. This contribution can originate from activity circulating in plasma or blood, from activity in the extracellular fluid, and in organs and tissues situated above or below the considered source region. A number of studies have addressed background correction [10, 27–29]. The simplest method is to estimate a general background contribution by delineating an ROI at an image position in which the patient thickness is equivalent to the patient thickness over the organ, but outside the organ volume. The number of counts in this background ROI is then subtracted from the counts in the organ ROI, taking into account the possibly differently sized ROIs. Preferably, the extension of the organ should also be considered, which can be estimated from a CT image of the patient, or reference data of typical organ thicknesses [23, 28].
Fungi and Water
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Every cell in the body contains fluid. When cells lose their fluid, they quickly shrink and die. On the other hand, when cells take in too much fluid, they swell and burst apart (170). About two-thirds of the body’s fluid is held within the walls of cells and is therefore called intracellular fluid. The remaining third of the body’s fluid is referred to as extracellular fluid because it flows outside of the cells (170). There are two types of extracellular fluid: interstitial fluid and intravascular fluid. Interstitial fluid flows between the cells that make up a particular tissue or organ, such as muscle fibers or the liver (170). Intravascular fluid is the water in the bloodstream and lymph. Plasma is specifically the extracellular fluid portion of blood that transports blood cells within the body’s arteries, veins, and capillaries (170).
Protective effect of royal jelly on fluoride-induced nephrotoxicity in rats via the some protein biomarkers signalling pathways: a new approach for kidney damage
Published in Biomarkers, 2022
Abdullah Aslan, Seda Beyaz, Ozlem Gok, Muhammed Ismail Can, Gozde Parlak, Ramazan Gundogdu, Ibrahim Hanifi Ozercan, Serpil Baspinar
The kidneys are responsible for keeping the osmotic pressure of the blood stable by providing fluid-electrolyte balance. Importantly, they are responsible to cleanse the body from metabolic wastes such as urea, creatine, uric acid, and therefore, they contribute to the regulation of acid-base balance. In addition, they serve as a homeostasis centre, where the production site of some vital hormones such as renin and erythropoietin take place (Koken 2018). The kidneys create a stable environment in the body by regulating the volume and contents of extracellular fluid. Thus, they help to balance the uptake, production, excretion and retention of many organic and inorganic compounds. This balance ensures that the kidneys retain water and water-soluble substances, and the content of body fluids is preserved by excreting water according to body needs (Yıldıran and Gencer 2018). However, the kidneys are the prime target of many cytotoxic substances. Excess fluoride (F) is one of these cytotoxic substances. Traces of fluoride play a role in the growth of teeth and bones of humans and animals. However, excessive use of this element causes deformation of bones as well as teeth. In addition, excessive fluoride ingestion leads to nephrotoxicity, thyroid disorder and impairment in brain functions (Dharmaratne 2019). Excess fluoride inhibits various enzymatic pathways in the body, leading to dysfunctionality of the kidneys and other organs (Malin et al.2019).
Extending the ambit of SGLT2 inhibitors beyond diabetes: a review of clinical and preclinical studies on non-diabetic kidney disease
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Saurabh Nayak, Vinay Rathore, Joyita Bharati, Kamal Kant Sahu
Upon commencement of SGLT2i therapy, plasma renin activity (PRA) levels increased at least in the early phase [96]. This effect is associated with transient loss of extracellular fluid and fades away within six months of treatment [96]. The interplay between the generation of reactive oxygen species and intrarenal RAAS activation characterizes various glomerular kidney diseases, especially IgA nephropathy [97]. From blood pressure-lowering through sympathetic system antagonization to amelioration of renal tubular fibrosis, oxidative stress in T2DM, SGLT2i appear to resist augmentation of tissue RAAS. However, varied results of preclinical and clinical studies forbid confirmation on this aspect. In an animal model of diabetic nephropathy, intrarenal RAAS suppression was detected upon SGLT2i administration. In the OLETF rats’ model, SGLT2i therapy for 12 weeks suppressed renal angiotensinogen expression detected by tissue-level RTPCR [98]. Woods and colleagues also demonstrated intrarenal RAAS inhibition by SGLT2i in a mouse model of T2DM by measuring angiotensinogen mRNA and urinary 8-isoprostane levels [99]. Similarly, in an animal model of non-diabetic CKD (subtotal nephrectomized rat), SGLT2 inhibition did not activate systemic or intrarenal RAS [100]. So far in humans, only systemic RAAS activation as measured by plasma angiotensin II and aldosterone levels have been detected on SGLT2i administration [13]. Thus, as of now, it can only be speculated that intrarenal RAAS suppression may facilitate nephroprotection by these agents.
Comparative studies on the potential use of 177Lu-based radiopharmaceuticals for the palliative therapy of bone metastases
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2020
Hesham M. H. Zakaly, Mostafa Y. A. Mostafa, Darya Deryabina, Michael Zhukovsky
In Figure 5, the models for 153Sm-EDTMP and 177Lu-EDTMP are visualized using the data provided in Table 2. However, the values of the excretion coefficients for mice were experimentally obtained for 177Lu-EDTMP (Chakraborty, Das, Sarma, et al. 2008). These data can be used as a first approximation for humans. This technique is quite common when evaluating the effectiveness of drugs before conducting preclinical studies (Chakraborty, Das, Sarma, et al. 2008). Figure 6 shows the biokinetic model of the 177Lu-EDTMP preparation, based on transformed data for the human body. All the liquid in the human body can be divided into intracellular and extracellular types. Extracellular fluid is approximately 33% of total body fluid. Intracellular fluid is the fluid circulating between cells and plasma in the bloodstream (Insel and Turner 2007).