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HIV/AIDS
Published in Patricia G. Melloy, Viruses and Society, 2023
There are three stages to HIV/AIDS. The acute stage, the chronic or asymptomatic stage, and the AIDS stage (CDC 2021a) (Figure 5.2). In the weeks immediately following infection with HIV (acute stage), no symptoms or general flu-like symptoms might arise. Fever, coughing, and diarrhea may occur. However, lymph node swelling, called lymphadenopathy, may indicate something is happening with the immune system. When the immune system is severely weakened, it can allow susceptibility to other diseases such as tuberculosis or even cancers like lymphoma or Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), called opportunistic infections (WHO 2021b; Zimmer 2011). Before HIV was discovered, swollen lymph nodes and other symptoms were mysteriously seen in people who were otherwise healthy (Shilts 1987).
Cancer
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
The lymphatic system is a drainage system that circulates around the body. It collects excess extracellular fluid, called lymph, from tissues and directs it back into the bloodstream via lymphatic capillaries and larger vessels. Lymph contains infection-fighting lymphocytes. At intervals, the lymphatic system has lymph nodes, small masses of lymph tissue. Lymphomas start with abnormal lymphocytes in the lymph
The immune and lymphatic systems, infection and sepsis
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Michelle Treacy, Caroline Smales, Helen Dutton
Lymph nodes range from the size of a pinhead to a small grape; they are strategically placed in vulnerable regions such as the digestive, respiratory and reproductive areas. Loaded with lymphocytes, they are ready to destroy harmful pathogens. Lymph nodes act like sieves, filtering the fluid and returning it cleansed of harmful microbes back into the lymphatic and circulatory systems. The lymph nodes are found mainly in the neck (cervical) under the armpits (axillary), in the groin (inguinal) and within the pelvis and abdominal and thoracic cavities (see Figure 12.1) (Colbert et al. 2012).
Primary extranodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the rituximab era: a single center, retrospective analysis
Published in Hematology, 2022
Jinrong Zhao, Wei Zhang, Daobin Zhou
Malignant lymphomas, which represent a diverse group of diseases, may arise in tissues other than lymph nodes. However, the definition of extranodal lymphomas remains controversial, especially when both lymph nodes and extranodal sites are involved. On the basis of previous studies[1–4], lymphoma is defined as primarily extranodal if (1) the dominant lesions are present at extranodal sites, and (2) lymph node involvement is only minor or absent. The prevalence of primary extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (PE-NHL) varies across countries and ranges from 8.7% to 48%[5–8]. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common (71%−81.3%) pathological subtype of PE-NHL[4, 9]. Primary extranodal DLBCL (PE-DLBCL) originates from nearly every extranodal site of the body, especially in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, followed by the nasopharynx and neck, breast, central nervous system (CNS), skin, bone, thyroid, testis, and rarely other sites[4, 10, 11].
Drug delivery to the intestinal lymph by oral formulations
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Takayuki Yoshida, Hiroyuki Kojima, Kazuhiro Sako, Hiromu Kondo
Lymph nodes are small, oval glands that contain T cells, B cells, and macrophages (Thomas and Schudel 2015). Certain lymphatic vessels connect to a lymph node and deliver lymph fluid to the nodes that filter pathogens, viruses, and bacteria through phagocytosis or via an immune response (Fanous et al. 2007). Lymphocytes circulate through the blood and lymphatic vessels where they are trapped in lymph nodes. T cells in the cortical zone are activated by dendritic cells in the nodes, and subsequently, T cells promote antibody production by B cells in the nodular cortex and medulla of the nodes (Thomas and Schudel 2015). Therefore, lymph nodes are crucial sites for mounting and maintaining immune responses and therefore serve as the main target sites for the delivery of vaccines or immunosuppressive drugs.
Mediastinal lymphadenopathy: a practical approach
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2021
Hariharan Iyer, Abhishek Anand, PB Sryma, Kartik Gupta, Priyanka Naranje, Nishikant Damle, Saurabh Mittal, Neha Kawatra Madan, Anant Mohan, Vijay Hadda, Pawan Tiwari, Randeep Guleria, Karan Madan
The International Thymic Malignancy Interest group (ITMIG) classification divides the mediastinum into three compartments viz. prevascular, visceral, and paravertebral. The prevascular space has the same boundaries as the anterior part of inferior mediastinum, but it extends superiorly to the thoracic outlet level. It consists of the thymus, left brachiocephalic vein and lymph nodes. The visceral compartment is behind the anterior fibrous pericardium. It extends posteriorly till an imaginary plane passing from each thoracic vertebra at a point 1 cm behind the anterior border of the central body of the vertebra. It contains heart, ascending aorta, arch of the aorta and descending aorta, superior vena cava, pulmonary arteries, trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct and lymph nodes. Posterior to this imaginary vertical plane lies the paravertebral compartment. This compartment contains the thoracic spine and paravertebral soft tissue [6]. The intra-thoracic lymph nodes are distributed in all of these compartments (Figure 1A).