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Do I Have IBS?
Published in Melissa G. Hunt, Aaron T. Beck, Reclaim Your Life From IBS, 2022
Melissa G. Hunt, Aaron T. Beck
To diagnose Crohn’s disease, your doctor will check for a number of things. Using blood tests, they will check your complete blood cell count (CBC), sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein, all of which might reveal underlying inflammation. They will also check your hemoglobin and vitamin B12 levels. Some people with Crohn’s will show signs of anemia, which can suggest that ulcers in the intestines are causing bleeding and/or that they are not absorbing sufficient iron from their food. B12 deficiencies are also common because B12 is absorbed by the ileum (the last section of the small intestine) which is a very common location for Crohn’s inflammation. In addition to blood work, the doctor will probably also ask you to take small stool samples for several days, and will check those samples for blood (called a fecal occult blood test), which can also suggest bleeding in the intestines. He or she will probably also order a fecal calprotectin test, which can be done with a larger stool sample. Calprotectin is a marker of inflammation specifically in the intestines. It’s very sensitive and can be used both diagnostically (to distinguish an IBD from IBS) and to track disease severity in an IBD.
Alnus glutinosa (Alder) and Moringa oleifera (Drumstick Tree)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Devashree N. Patil, Swati T. Gurme, Pankaj S. Mundada, Jyoti. P. Jadhav
Inflammation is a host defense mechanism that defends against bacteria, stress, and tissue damage, contributing to the progression of many chronic diseases. M. oleifera seed extract reduced carrageenan-induced rat paw edema by 33% at 500 mg/kg dose, which was equal to aspirin's reduction by 27% at 300 mg/kg; with this even in-vitro, studies dramatically reduced nitric oxide generation, and gene expression of LPS-inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukins 1β and 6 (Jaja-Chimedza et al., 2017). Also, M. oleifera leaf extract at a concentration 100 µg/ml also lowered nitric oxide production than standard aspirin on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells (Xu et al., 2019). Even ethanolic flower extract possessed anti-inflammatory activity, and it was proved by in-vitro protein denaturation assay (Alhakmani et al., 2013).
Social context of health and illness
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
When we are injured or invaded by harmful bacteria or viruses, the body responds by local or systemic inflammation. As the immune system acts to repair the damage, it produces heat and sometimes swelling. Normally, once we are well, the inflammation reduces and disappears. In recent years, researchers have discovered that the inflammation does not always ‘switch off’, it remains at a chronic low level throughout the body. This is called low-grade inflammation or systemic chronic inflammation and it damages the body’s cells. It accumulates with age. The level of inflammation can be measured by a blood test. There is a significant body of research that suggests many of the major non-communicable diseases are caused by low-grade inflammation (Table 1.2). Rather than unhealthy behaviours and poor mental and emotional health causing disease, it seems they encourage low-grade inflammation which is, at least in part, the direct culprit. Current research seeks to understand how we may prevent, screen, diagnose and treat low-grade inflammation.
The complex lipid, SPPCT-800, reduces lung damage, improves pulmonary function and decreases pro-inflammatory cytokines in the murine LPS-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) model
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Peter P. Sordillo, Andrea Allaire, Annie Bouchard, Dan Salvail, Sebastien M. Labbe
In this study, we have used the murine LPS-induced ARDS model, a well-established and commonly used model for studies of this disease (Bastarache and Blackwell 2009; Aeffner et al. 2015). It ‘duplicates the mechanisms and consequences of ARDS and displays major features of microvascular lung injury, including leukocyte accumulation in lung tissue, pulmonary edoema, profound lung inflammation and mortality’ (Chen et al. 2010). It has been reported that in this model, cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), INF-γ monocyte chemoattract protein-1 (MCP-1, CCL2), keratinocytes-derived chemokine (KC, CXCL1), MIP-1α (macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (CCL3)], and interferon-γ induced protein 10 (IP-10, CXCL-10), were all significantly elevated after 18 h (Juskewitch et al. 2012). Further, it is known that mechanical ventilation, when necessary, will cause additional lung damage and inflammation (Ware and Matthay 2000; Henderson et al. 2017; Spadaro et al. 2019). Thus, suppression of inflammation is key to treating this disease.
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Eriobotrya japonica extract: a promising approach against cancer cells proliferation, inflammation, allergic disorders and phagocytosis induction
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2021
Majid S. Jabir, Aya A. Hussien, Ghassan M. Sulaiman, Nahi Y. Yaseen, Yaser H. Dewir, Mona S. Alwahibi, Dina A. Soliman, Humaira Rizwana
Inflammation is a process of defensive biological reactions to harmful agents, injury or infection that leads to pain, redness, swelling and heat in the body. The inflammatory response is a complex phenomenon, which can sometimes be helped by the use of known anti-inflammatory agents [42]. In this study, AgNPs were used as an anti-inflammation compound, which altered the activation of inflammasome in vitro and in vivo. These results showed IL-1b secretion in supernatant culture in vitro when BMDM cells were treated with LPS 500 µg/mL + 5 mM of ATP compared with the untreated basal cells. However, BMDM cells pre-treated with AgNPs showed significantly lower IL-1b levels and IL-6 levels than cells treated with LPS and ATP (Figure 6(A)). Meanwhile, the results of the in vivo model on IL-1β levels and IL-6 confirmed the ability of AgNPs to reduce IL-1β and IL-6 levels (Figure 6(B)), respectively. The prepared AgNPs inhibited the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, by inhibiting the production of LPS-induced cytokines and inhibiting signalling pathways for mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell pathways, which induced LPS-activation of macrophages [43]. Overall, we found that AgNPs were synthesized using E. japonica leaf extract, and they were effective against acute inflammation induced by LPS and ATP by significantly suppressing proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β.
Thermo-responsive injectable naringin-loaded hydrogel polymerised sodium alginate/bioglass delivery for articular cartilage
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Xiang Li, Yang Lu, Yuxin Wang, Shengji Zhou, Liangping Li, Fengchao Zhao
Inflammation, which is also essential in cartilage defects, is amongst the most critical variables in OA. Inflammation cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6 and tumour-necrosis factors α are quickly increased following cartilage damage and decomposite features such as membrane MMP-13, and metalloproteinase-1 those causes inflammations, chondrocyte cell death and cartilage deteriorations of the ECM (Eleswarapu & Athanasiou, 2013; Steele et al., 2014; Li et al., 2014; Castilho et al., 2019). Anti-inflammatory action has been shown to encourage chondrocytes to survive and to reduce the occurrence of OA. The traditional solution to suppress inflammation may be anti-inflammatory medicines. Previously engineered biomaterials with anti-inflammatory properties (Bell et al., 2014; Wahlquist et al., 2017; Yin et al., 2018). Zhou et al. constructed an inherent cartilage regeneration scaffold of silk fibroin–chondroitin, which could be enhanced by the immuno-inhibition ability of chondsulfate (CS). This prompted us to examine whether an anti-inflammatory factor that is stronger than CS could be used to identify areas of improvement (Armiento et al., 2018; Brown et al., 2019; Antich et al., 2020; Weizel et al., 2020).