China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
HIV/AIDS
Published in Patricia G. Melloy, Viruses and Society, 2023
There are three stages to HIV/AIDS. The acute stage, the chronic or asymptomatic stage, and the AIDS stage (CDC 2021a) (Figure 5.2). In the weeks immediately following infection with HIV (acute stage), no symptoms or general flu-like symptoms might arise. Fever, coughing, and diarrhea may occur. However, lymph node swelling, called lymphadenopathy, may indicate something is happening with the immune system. When the immune system is severely weakened, it can allow susceptibility to other diseases such as tuberculosis or even cancers like lymphoma or Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), called opportunistic infections (WHO 2021b; Zimmer 2011). Before HIV was discovered, swollen lymph nodes and other symptoms were mysteriously seen in people who were otherwise healthy (Shilts 1987).
Paper 3
Published in Aalia Khan, Ramsey Jabbour, Almas Rehman, nMRCGP Applied Knowledge Test Study Guide, 2021
Aalia Khan, Ramsey Jabbour, Almas Rehman
A 30-year-old woman presents with pre-menstrual breast pain and a small amount of green nipple discharge at times. On examination, thickened breast tissue in the upper, outer quadrants is palpable bilaterally. No lymphadenopathy is present.
Orthopaedics and musculoskeletal system
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
14.26. Which of the following is/are characteristic of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis?Unexplained high fever.Morning joint stiffness.Skin rash.Generalized lymphadenopathy.Specific autoantibody.
A rare case of idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease in a patient with long-standing systemic autoimmunity
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 2022
M Saleh, M Hallbeck, C Sjöwall
This woman, with a 25 year history of Sjögren-like lupus, developed abdominal lymphadenopathy, irresponsive to anti-rheumatic therapy, combined with constitutional symptoms, hypergammaglobulinaemia, and severe cytopenia. Extensive investigation was necessary to exclude malignancy (particularly lymphoma), but the case illustrates that non-malignant lymphoproliferative disorders should also be considered. The diagnosis was facilitated by radiology, demonstrating multiple locations with lymphadenopathy combined with typical histopathology (major criteria). Additional clinical and laboratory findings (minor criteria) were also met to satisfy the diagnostic international consensus criteria for iMCD (8–10). In line with the international, evidence-based consensus treatment guidelines for iMCD, IL-6 inhibition was initiated (10). The patient has received a first infusion of tocilizumab without side-effects, and additional infusions are planned for every fourth week. The plan is further to evaluate the efficacy of tocilizumab with a new PET scan within 6–12 months.
Use of Xpert MTB/RIF and Xpert Ultra in extrapulmonary tuberculosis
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
There have been several systematic reviews evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF for TB lymphadenopathy [28,29,61,62]. In a systematic review and meta-analysis performed by Yu et al. 15 studies compared Xpert MTB/RIF with CRS and 21 studies compared against culture [61] using FNA and tissue samples. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF against CRS were 79% and 98%, respectively, and 84% and 91% compared to that of culture [61]. The majority of these studies evaluated peripheral lymphadenopathy. The metaregression analysis showed that decontamination methods (with or without NALC-NaOH), sample condition (fresh or frozen), homogenization and patient population (high or low resource) did not affect the sensitivity or specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF compared to that in CRS [61]. In another study, specificity has been shown to be higher in non-endemic countries at 99% to 100% compared to 78% in endemic countries [57].
Efficacy and safety of idelalisib for the treatment of indolent B-cell malignancies
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2020
Piotr Smolewski, Dominika Rydygier
A phase 1b study by Flinn et al. [19] examined the effects of idelalisib treatment on 64 patients with indolent relapsed/refractory B-cell NHL. The median age of the patients was 64 years. All were heavily pre-treated with a median of four prior therapies. The study group comprised 38 (59%) patients with FL, 11 (17%) with SLL, nine (14%) with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL), and six (9%) with marginal zone lymphoma (MZL). Thirty-seven (58%) were refractory to the last prior therapy. Several oral dosing schedules were assessed: 50 mg daily to 350 mg twice daily, 150 to 300 mg once daily, and 3 weeks on/1 week off. The final dose of 150 mg twice daily, i.e. the dose selected as the recommended for the trial yielded an overall response rate (ORR) of 30/64 (47%), with one patient demonstrating a complete response (CR). Lymphadenopathy reduction was observed in 85% of cases. Median duration of response (DOR) was 18.4 months and median progression-free survival (PFS) was 7.6 months.