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Cancer (Breast)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Most breast cancer forms in the epithelial cells lining the lobules or ducts of the breasts. After skin cancer, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women in the U.S. Typical symptoms may include a lump in the breast, a change in size or shape of the breast, and/or a discharge from a nipple. Mammograms combined with biopsies can often diagnose the cancer. The strongest risk factor for breast cancer is age because most breast cancers occur in women over 50 years of age.1 Family, personal history of breast cancer, and gynecologic histories are significant contributors to the risk of developing metastatic breast cancer, as is breast density (the more dense the breast tissue, the higher the risk of breast cancer), alcohol intake, hormone therapy history, and diet, which may contribute to development or growth of breast cancers.2
Overview of Traditional Methods of Diagnosis and Treatment for Women-Associated Cancers
Published in Shazia Rashid, Ankur Saxena, Sabia Rashid, Latest Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Women-Associated Cancers, 2022
Malika Ranjan, Namyaa Kumar, Safiya Arfi, Shazia Rashid
Breast cancer is the type of cancer originating from the cell lining of the milk-forming ducts of the breast (ductal carcinoma) or from lobules in the glandular tissue of the breast (lobular carcinoma). Breast cancer has several subtypes based on the expression level of the receptors such as progesterone, estrogen and HER-2/neu (human epidermal growth factor receptor), and are classified into three groups [14]: Hormone receptor (estrogen and progesterone) sensitive (ER+ or PR+).Human epidermal growth factor–sensitive (HER2+).Triple-negative breast cancer (ER−, PR−, HER2−).The main factors that influence the risk for breast cancer in women include old age, genetic mutations, reproductive history, personal history of breast/ovarian cancer or any non-cancerous breast diseases, previous treatment involving radiation therapy and other lifestyle factors (diet, weight, alcohol consumption). Thus, regular screening mammography at the age of 40 and above might reduce the risk of breast cancer mortality in average-risk women.
Cancer
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Prevention of breast cancer primarily includes lifestyle modification, chemoprevention, and surgical prevention. Lifestyle modification involves changes in behavior such as smoking cessation, a healthy diet, alcohol reduction, and regular exercise. Screening for the early detection of breast cancer is important. Monthly self-breast examination is required. Screening with clinical breast examination, mammography, and MRI must be done. Mammography is most accurate for older women. For women with an average risk of breast cancer, screening mammography generally begins at age 40, 45, or 50 and then annually or every 2 years. The patient must be educated about the risks for breast cancer.
Possible Breast Cancer Risk Related to Background Parenchymal Enhancement at Breast MRI: A Meta-Analysis Study
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2021
Hui Zhang, Lili Guo, Weijing Tao, Jiandong Zhang, Yan Zhu, Mohamed E. A. Abdelrahim, Genji Bai
Breast cancer occurs when cancer cells are form in breast tissue. It is one of the most common types of cancer diagnosis for females in the world (1, 2). Background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) in breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) refers to the normal contrast enhancement of fibroglandular tissue. It is more common in younger females with dense breasts (1, 2). Due to hormonal influence, BPE is decreased after menopause (3). BPE is shown on T1 weighted images with fat suppression. It usually appears as a homogeneous or stippled area (multiple tiny dots separated by non-enhancing parenchyma), in a bilateral diffuse or regional distribution. Due to special vascular supply, greater BPE is seen in the upper outer quadrant and along the inferior aspect of the breast (2). The level of BPE is evaluated on the first post-contrast acquisition, at approximately 90 seconds. On delayed images, BPE is persistent (progressive/increased in intensity compared to the first post-contrast phase).
Temperature-sensitive liposomes for co-delivery of tamoxifen and imatinib for synergistic breast cancer treatment
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2019
Anup Jose, Kunal Manoj Ninave, Sriravali Karnam, Venkata Vamsi Krishna Venuganti
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. In 2016, nearly 1.7 million new breast cancer cases were reported with an estimated death of over 595 690 women globally (Siegel et al. 2016). The causative factors of breast cancer include genetic factors, hormonal changes, and environmental factors among others (McPherson and Steel 2000). Histologically, breast cancer can be classified as invasive lobular carcinoma and invasive ductal carcinoma (Li et al. 2003). Lobular carcinoma is characterized by small, noncohesive cells that infiltrate the stroma in a linear pattern, whereas ductal tumours tend to form glandular structures (Korkola et al. 2003). Breast cancer progresses through different stages where the first stage involves tumour localized in breast tissue; in the second stage, the tumour is either in breast and/or in the nearby lymph nodes; third stage involves the spread of cancer from breast to lymph nodes; in the fourth stage, cancer spreads to other distant parts of the body.
New and important changes in breast cancer TNM: incorporation of biologic factors into staging
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2019
Stephen B. Edge, Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, Armando E. Giuliano
Information about non-anatomic biologic factors associated with the potential to spread is central to defining breast cancer prognosis and treatment. The AJCC decided that this clinical need was of such fundamental importance to warrant its inclusion in the breast cancer staging system. In addition, applying these factors in assigning stage may be important in understanding the risk of breast cancers at the population level worldwide. The best example of this need is the higher rates of triple negative breast cancer with associated higher mortality among woman of younger ages of sub-Saharan African ethnicity, demonstrated among African-Americans in the USA and in women in sub-Saharan Africa [53,54]. While there may be different approaches to use of this information – either as an integral part of defining stage as implemented by the AJCC or to supplement stage as is the approach of the UICC – there is no disagreement as to its relevance [50].