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L-Arginine and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Adjuvant Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease
Published in Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton, Flaxseed, 2023
Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood. It is a chronic impairment in the regulation of blood glucose caused either by insulin resistance, where cells respond poorly to it, or where the pancreas does not produce sufficient insulin. More than 34 million Americans have diabetes (about 1 in 10), and approximately 90% to 95% have type 2 diabetes. Most often, type 2 diabetes develops in people over age 45, but more and more children, teens and young adults are developing it.
The Nursing Roadmap to Lifestyle Medicine
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Gia Merlo, Karen Laing, Deborah Chielli, Kathy Berra
One of these chronic diseases is diabetes, which can lead to any or all the following: heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, blindness, and possible limb amputation. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the number of people with diabetes increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014. The WHO also states that type 2 diabetes can be prevented or delayed by eating a healthy diet, being regularly physically active, and maintaining normal body weight. Diabetes can be treated and its consequences avoided by adopting these same health behaviors, screening regularly, and using medications as needed (WHO, 2021). From this example alone, significant financial savings can be easily imagined, both nationally and individually, before even considering the patient’s potential improved quality of life and the possible extension of their life years.
Cardiovascular disease
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
High blood glucose means the amount of glucose in someone’s blood rises too high because the body is not producing enough insulin or because the body’s cells are unable to absorb the glucose from the blood. It occurs in diabetes, but also in prediabetes and some other medical conditions. The ‘sugary blood’ irritates the lining of the blood vessels, which encourages atherosclerosis. Adults with diabetes are two to three times more likely to develop cardiovascular disease compared to others and one-third of adults with diabetes die from cardiovascular disease (British Heart Foundation, 2020a). The causes and symptoms of type 2 diabetes are summarised in Table 13.10.
Relationship between complications of type 2 diabetes and thyroid nodules
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2023
Xuexue Zhang, Xujie Wang, Jian Liu, Yuying Xu, Jiwei Zhang, Qiuyan Li
Type 2 diabetes is a prevalent condition characterized by insulin resistance and elevated blood glucose levels. Over the past 30 years, there has been a significant increase in the prevalence of diabetes, with type 2 diabetes accounting for 90% of cases1. In 2019, there were 463 million adults with diabetes and diabetes-related deaths reached 4.2 million2. Traditionally, the complications of type 2 diabetes include macrovascular complications (such as cardiovascular disease) and microvascular complications (such as retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy). Observational studies from 28 countries have shown that approximately half of the patients with type 2 diabetes have microvascular complications, and 27% have macrovascular complications3. Compared to non-diabetic individuals, those with type 2 diabetic had a significantly higher risk of microvascular and macrovascular disorders (10–20 and 2–4 times higher, separately)4, leading to increased mortality, blindness, kidney failure and a decreased overall quality of life.
The role of resveratrol in diabetes and obesity associated with insulin resistance
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Mustafa Hoca, Eda Becer, Hafize Seda Vatansever
Diabetes is a multifactorial, chronic metabolic disease with severe complications. Approximately 463 million (9.3%) people had diabetes in 2019. It is estimated that this number will reach 578 million (10.2%) and 700 million (10.9%) worldwide, by 2030 and 2045, respectively (Saeedi et al.2019). According to clinical symptoms and aetiology, diabetes is divided into different types, namely type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes (International Diabetes Federation 2019). Type 1 diabetes is characterised by the autoimmune destruction of insulin producing pancreatic β-cells, which leads to the impairment of insulin secretion and the loss of glycaemic control. Inheritance, environmental factors and autoimmunity are the reasons for the destruction of pancreatic β-cells in type 1 diabetes. On the other hand, type 2 diabetes is related with both genetic makeup and environmental conditions, including a high calorie diet and low physical activity. Obesity is the main reason for insulin resistance and β-cell failure in type 2 diabetes (Schmidt and Duncan 2003). In general, the majority of people with type 2 diabetes are obese or overweight (Leitner et al.2017). Gestational diabetes can be identified as hyperglycaemia in pregnancy that is diagnosed by the first time during the pregnancy (International Diabetes Federation 2019).
SMILES-based QSAR and molecular docking study of xanthone derivatives as α-glucosidase inhibitors
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2022
Shahin Ahmadi, Zohreh Moradi, Ashwani Kumar, Ali Almasirad
The number of prediabetic cases and spread of diabetes has been steadily growing all over the world. The WHO Global Health Estimates indicate that 425 million people were living with diabetes in 2017, which is expected to rise to 629 million by 2045 [1]. This disease is fueled by obesity, urban living, physical inactivity, unhealthy eating, and a rapid change in the nutrition transition. The diabetes mellitus is categorized into two main classes: types 1 and 2. The first category, type 1 diabetes mellitus, is the metabolic disorder and distinguished by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defect in insulin secretion due to destruction of pancreatic cells by immune system while type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated impaired secretion of insulin as well as insulin resistance. Diabetes can result in microvascular complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease [2].