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Neurological Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Blackouts are transient attacks of loss of consciousness during attacks. Dizziness can mean light-headedness, or vertigo, or a general feeling of unsteadiness. Labyrinthine disorders cause only vertigo, nausea and nystagmus.Brainstem lesions cause diplopia, dysarthria, dysphagia, blurred vision, quadriparesis or cranial nerve palsies in addition to vertigo.Cerebellar lesions may cause unsteadiness, imbalance or ‘walking as if drunk’, but not vertigo.Presyncope comprises light-headedness, faintness, sweating and pallor, which may be relieved by lying flat.Complex partial seizures may be accompanied by déjà vu, altered smell and/or taste, and vivid memories. Stereotyped movements (e.g. lip smacking), automatisms and an open-eyed trance-like state last a few minutes.Absence seizures may be accompanied by fluttering of the eyelids.
Dizziness/Vertigo/Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Dizziness describes the sensation of lightheadedness, disequilibrium, feeling wobbly, or being unsteady. Causes of dizziness include medications such as drugs to treat seizures (carbamazepine, phenytoin), certain antibiotics (gentamicin, streptomycin), antidepressants, sedating drugs, and alcohol.
Vertigo
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Christopher C. Glisson, Jorge C. Kattah
Dizziness is frequently encountered in both neurologic practice and in the acute setting. For example, approximately 3.3% of visits to US emergency departments relate to dizziness/vertigo, with 5% of these related to acute vestibular neuritis or labyrinthitis.3,4 Alternatively, approximately 30% of patients who seek medical attention have vestibular vertigo with an otoneurologic cause, most commonly paroxysmal positional vertigo (33%), Ménière's syndrome (1%), or vestibular migraine (14%).3,5 Vertigo may occasionally relate to cerebrovascular disease, primarily transient ischemia (TIA), or infarction affecting brainstem or cerebellar territories. The other common etiology for acute presentation of dizziness (which represents the majority) is cardiovascular disease. Other causes for dizziness include nonorganic (psychogenic) etiologies, and side effects of medications.
Is COVID-19 associated with self-reported audio-vestibular symptoms?
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2022
Arwa AlJasser, Walid Alkeridy, Kevin J. Munro, Christopher J. Plack
The main section was designed with a five-point Likert scale to assess any self-reported change over time in nine symptoms under four categories.Olfactory and gustatory abnormalities which included disturbances in sense of smell and taste.Auditory symptoms which included hearing abilities (changes assessed for four variables: sense of hearing, ease of conversing by telephone, ability to follow a conversation with background noise, and preferred volume while listening to various media); non-pulsatile tinnitus; and hyperacusis (i.e. stress, irritation or sensitivity caused by noise and environmental sounds).Dizziness which included rotatory vertigo (the feeling that the person, or things around person, are spinning or moving); and stability (unsteadiness/light-headedness, losing balance or feeling unsteady when walking, climbing stairs, or picking something up off the floor).Ear symptoms which included ear pressure; and otalgia (ear pain).
Studying subjective hearing loss in older adults measured by speech, spatial, and quality of hearing scale within the framework of the ICF core set for hearing loss
Published in Hearing, Balance and Communication, 2022
The International Society for Neuro-otology, known as the Barany Society, highlighted that dizziness is a subjective perception of disorientation or involuntary motion that occurs during head or body movement or when head or body is still. Dizziness can be further characterized as light-headedness, which is the sensation of the impending loss of consciousness associated with transient diffuse cerebral hypoperfusion, or as vertigo, which is the false sensation that the body of the environment is spinning. While the causal factors for light-headedness typically include cardiovascular disease or neurovascular disease, the causal factors for vertigo typically include otologic/neurologic diseases such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and Meniere’s disease [34,35]. Dizzy patients usually have motor-related activities such as imbalance and walking difficulty. Imbalance connotes disequilibrium which occurs either while walking or standing [36]. The causal factors may include muscle weakness, arthritis, and/or reduced sensory input leading to impaired postural control or instability [34–36]. Hence, dizziness, even mild, is a potentially disabling condition that has a distinct impact on physical activity, participation, psychosocial interaction, and quality of life. This impact can sustain a higher burden of neurobehavioral features of dementia, especially that related to spatial memory, other cognitive functions, and depression [34–36]. Therefore, there is certainly a need for further studies controlling dizziness since HL and vestibular (balance) loss are considered contributors to cognitive dysfunction [37].
The trend of fall-related mortality at national and provincial levels in Iran from 1990 to 2015
Published in International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2020
Zahra Ghodsi, Man Amanat, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Payam Vezvaei, Kimiya Gohari, Rosa Haghshenas, Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq, Nazila Rezaei, Soheil Saadat, Ali Sheidaei, Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Farideh Sadeghian, Seyed Behzad Jazayeri, Mona Salehi, Payman Salamati, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Ali H. Mokdad, Gerard O’Reilly, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
Our study revealed that people aged above 85 years were at the highest risk of death due to falls. In line with this study, ageing was showed to be a risk factor of falls and their related mortality (Baricich et al., 2018; Joshi et al., 2019; Taheri-Kharameh et al., 2019). It was identified that about one-third of adults older than 65 years had at least one fall during the last 12 months and about 70% of injuries in this population were caused by falls (Homann et al., 2013). One study in the United Kingdom indicated that over 30% of the elderly population fell each year and about half of them had recurrent falling episodes (Scuffham et al., 2003). Impaired physiological function due to age and medical conditions is an important risk factor for falls. The elderly population are at an increased risk of different pathological events including neurological disorders. Gait disturbance and postural instability due to neurological events can lead to falls. Multiple studies showed high rate of falls among people with cerebrovascular diseases, dementia and parkinson’s disease (Tripathy et al., 2015; Ungar et al., 2016; Wing et al., 2017). Osteoporosis, muscle weakness and visual impairment are other medical conditions that can be seen frequently in the elderly and increase the odds of falls (Dhargave & Sendhilkumar, 2016). The use of multiple medicines is another risk factor of falls. Dizziness and fatigue are common side effects of medication. These conditions can lead to impaired balance and put older people at a higher risk of falling (Dhargave & Sendhilkumar, 2016).