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Vertigo
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
The vision and proprioception systems are important for balance, but the focus will be on the vestibular systems, because they are usually the most directly related to vertigo (Brandt, 2003). The vestibular systems create your sense of balance through the clever use of some mechanisms in your inner ear. One of the mechanisms is a series of three looped tubes called the semicircular canals that contain liquid that sloshes around as you move. The three canals measure three dimensions of rotation in space: pitch (bending forwards or backwards), yaw (spinning around), and roll (tilting to the side). The sensors inside of your semicircular canals can sense the liquid sloshing in these three dimensions, and then send that information to your brain to help you balance. Another mechanism uses gravity—essentially, your brain figures out where “up” is located based on the position and pull of calcium crystals called otoconia that are deep inside of your ears. Perhaps when you were a kid, you were taught that the body has five senses: seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, and touching. Well, you also have others, including liquid slosh and crystal maneuvers.
Anatomy and Physiology of Hearing
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
Ananth Vijendren, Peter Valentine
The inner ear delivers sensory information relating to hearing via the cochlea and balance via the vestibular system. It is formed of Dense bony covering (also called the otic capsule or bony labyrinth),Membranous ducts, andSensory organs within these ducts (Table 1.1).
Cranial Neuropathies I, V, and VII–XII
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV): this is a common inner ear disorder characterized by brief attacks of vertigo precipitated by head movement and associated with nystagmus and autonomic symptoms. The vertigo typically lasts < 30 seconds. Symptoms may occur repeatedly throughout the day. BPPV is due to canalithiasis (otoconia dislodge from the macule of the utricle and become free floating in a SCC) or cupulolithiasis (otoconia become adherent to the matrix gel of the cupula). Most cases of BPPV are due to posterior canalithiasis. The diagnosis of BPPV is confirmed with the Dix–Hallpike maneuver. In posterior canal BPPV, after head tilt toward the affected ear, vertigo develops with concomitant nystagmus with an upbeat and torsional component. The nystagmus develops a few seconds after positioning the patient, fatigues within 30 seconds, and habituates with repeated attempts. Symptoms may last for weeks and may recur.39 With a central lesion, symptoms develop when the head is turned to either side during the testing maneuver; the vertigo is usually mild and brief; the nystagmus changes direction when the head is turned from one side to the other, and is not fatigable. Treatment of BPPV consists of repositioning maneuvers40 (Epley's and Semont's maneuvers).
The effect of cochlear implant age and duration of intervention on ESRT in children with cochlear implant
Published in Cochlear Implants International, 2023
Yashika Tyagi, Indranil Chatterjee
Cochlear implant is an implanted electronic hearing device, developed to produce efficient hearing sensations to a person with severe to profound nerve deafness by electrically stimulating auditory nerve. Cochlear implants consist of two main constituents, the externally worn microphone, sound processor and the implanted receiver and electrode system, the signals from the external system are delivered to the inner ear and these electric signals stimulate the nerve, which then sends a signal to the brain. New implant devices have a magnet that grasps the external structure in place next to the implanted internal system. The external component of the device may be worn exclusively at the back of the ear or its constituents may be worn in a belt pouch, pocket, or harness. The cochlear implant mimics natural hearing, where sound generates an electric current that excites the auditory nerve.
The applications of targeted delivery for gene therapies in hearing loss
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2023
Melissa Jones, Bozica Kovacevic, Corina Mihaela Ionescu, Susbin Raj Wagle, Christina Quintas, Elaine Y. M. Wong, Momir Mikov, Armin Mooranian, Hani Al-Salami
The complex structure of the mammalian ear is divided into three primary sections, classified as the outer, middle, and inner ear, with all parts required to work in an organised, controlled synergistic nature for hearing to occur. Focus here will be on the inner ear, which has roles in both hearing and balance [38]. The inner ear contains the cochlea where auditory signals are transduced. Located within the cochlea are three ducts, termed the scala vestibule, scala media, and scala tympani. Within the scala media of the cochlea, the organ of Corti is positioned, with the primary function of transducing auditory signals. The organ of Corti contains both inner and outer hair cells, being mechanosensory hair cells arranged in rows, with three rows of outer hair cells and one row of inner hair cells in the luminal half of the organ. Also located within are supporting cells of a non-sensory nature, positioned throughout the basement membrane to the luminal surface in a highly organised pattern [23,39,40].
The Effects of a Pedal-less Bicycle Intervention on Stability Scores among Preschool Aged Children
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2021
Andrew Shim, William Davis, David Newman, Bryce Abbey, Jaime Garafalo-Peterson
The improvement and mastering of balance in children has been considered an important motor skill concept for decades, especially when developed through a PK-3rd grade physical education curriculum (Graham et al., 2013). Balance can be defined as maintaining a certain posture based on external disturbances such as gravity (Shim & Norman, 2015). Static balance involves maintaining a desired posture while stationary; dynamic balance involves maintaining an on-balance position throughout movement (Graham et al., 2013). The brain receives and interprets signals based on one’s visual acuity, vestibular apparatus of the inner ear, and other mechanoreceptors such as muscle spindles or tendons for maintaining balance. Once these organs have delivered pertinent data to the brain, physical corrections are made to provide some sense of equalization upon the body structures (Chiu et al., 2009; Clark et al., 2009))