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Domain III: Communication
Published in Nicole M. Augustine, Prevention Specialist Exam Study Guide, 2023
It is important to understand the difference between listening and hearing. Hearing is the physiological process of sound waves being transformed into auditory nerve impulses (Hogan, 2003, p. 236). The process of listening is not the same as hearing; it requires paying close attention to what is being said and making sense of the information that has been received. The brain is a powerful organ in the human body and is capable of processing information quickly. Your brain can understand up to 400 words per minute. However, people only speak about 125–150 words per minute (Hogan, 2003, p. 237). This gap creates space for the receiver to be distracted by noise, and loss of attention minimizes clear understanding. Listening for understanding is truly an accomplished skill, which is why it is said ‘the best leaders are great listeners.’ Listening requires discipline of the mind, and once you understand this concept, you can translate this knowledge into making you a better overall communicator; sender and receiver.
Hearing Loss in Childhood
Published in Raymond W Clarke, Diseases of the Ear, Nose & Throat in Children, 2023
Variously referred to as auditory neuropathy or auditory dysynchrony (AD), the preferred term is auditory neuropathy spectrum disorders (ANSDs). This is an ‘umbrella’ term for a group of conditions characterised by normal OAEs with normal or near normal ABRs. Older children show normal or near-normal PTA but have difficulty processing normal speech. The pathology is uncertain, it is thought to relate to auditory nerve dysfunction but with a normal cochlea. The range of conditions encountered is probably far more complex, in most cases, the aetiology is unknown, and many cases are now acknowledged to have a genetic basis. There is a high incidence of comorbidity, including attention deficit disorder (ADD), ASDs, and apraxia and developmental delay. Amplification may help following rigorous audiological evaluation, but these children require intensive support with early language intervention by skilled teachers to achieve their full potential.
Methods for assigning impairment
Published in Ramar Sabapathi Vinayagam, Integrated Evaluation of Disability, 2019
A person with profound deafness (or) severe hard of hearing can understand speech by a cochlear implant. A series of electrodes in the cochlear implant in the base of the cochlea stimulate the auditory nerve for the perception of sounds by the brain (147,151). Similarly, a pacemaker correct the abnormal heart rhythm and restores the function in a person with severe arrhythmias.
Signal processing & audio processors
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2021
Anandhan Dhanasingh, Ingeborg Hochmair
In the cochlear implant (CI) systems, the sound signal is captured by the microphone in the externally worn audio processor. The audio processor converts the sound signal into detailed digital signals using signal-processing algorithms and transmits those to the implantable electronics via an inductive link. The implant electronics then convert these digital signals to electric impulses and transfer them to the inner ear through the intracochlear electrode array. The auditory nerve then transfers the electric impulses received from the electrode array to the brain to interpret the sound signals. While the proper placement of the electrode array inside the cochlea – which covers the entire frequency range – without causing any structural damage is essential, it is equally crucial for the audio processors to process the sound signals without losing any of its key elements.
CI in single-sided deafness
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2021
Anandhan Dhanasingh, Ingeborg Hochmair
In normal-hearing human subjects with binaural hearing (hearing with two ears), the brain receives and processes auditory input from both ears to separate individual voices and speech from environmental noises. The critical function of the brain at this point is to combine and compare raw acoustic information that comes from two cochleae, and takes place in different cochlear nuclei, particularly in the olivary complex exploiting the sound intensity, timing difference and frequency aspects of what the cochleae have encoded in the auditory nerve action potential. From the output that comes from the olivary complex, the auditory cortex creates a three-dimensional landscape of the acoustic signal. This is an ordinary phenomenon in binaural, normal-hearing human subjects who can localise and understand the speech with no additional effort – the two advantages claimed to be the most important in binaural hearing [4].
Drug delivery in cochlear implantation
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2021
Anandhan Dhanasingh, Ingeborg Hochmair
In 2000, Prof. Pyykko from the University of Tampere in Finland, Prof. Bredberg from Karolinska Institute in Sweden, Prof. Ulfendahl from Karolinska Institute in Sweden, Prof. Miller from the University of Michigan in the USA, Prof. Schrott-Fischer from the Medical University of Innsbruck in Austria, Prof. Rask-Andersen from Uppsala University in Sweden, Professor Martini from the University of Ferrara in Italy, Prof. Lenarz and Prof. Stöver from the Hannover Medical School in Germany and Dr Garnham from MED-EL in Austria cooperated within the framework of a European Union (EU) funded project, BIOEAR (grant agreement ID: QLG3-CT-2002-01563) [12] (Figure 2). The project aimed to treat the auditory nerve pharmacologically after CI surgery, to protect it from implantation trauma and to regrow its peripheral processes.