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Inflammatory Disorders of the Nervous System
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Sensation of rotation or spinning, causing nausea and ataxia (intra-axial vestibular nerve, vestibular nucleus in the lateral medulla, and pathways from the vestibular nucleus to the vestibular cortex), rarely in isolation and often occurring together with other brainstem symptoms.
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Published in Kristen Davies, Shadaba Ahmed, Core Conditions for Medical and Surgical Finals, 2020
In acute vestibular neuronitis there is only inflammation of the vestibular nerve, so there is vertigo without hearing loss. In acute labyrinthitis there is inflammation of the entire labyrinth, so patients experience vertigo with hearing loss.
The Special Sense Organs and Their Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Hair cells, arranged in clusters called hair bundles, are specialized receptor cells of the vestibular sense organs. These hair cells convert a mechanical force into an electrical signal that is sent into the brain via the vestibular nerve. Statoconia, also called otoconia because of their location (oto- = ear), are calcium carbonate crystals in the inner ear that respond to gravity and cause the hair cells to stimulate the nerve fibers and eventually produce posture changes, keeping the person erect (stato- = standing).
Vestibular nerve deficiency and vestibular function in children with unilateral hearing loss caused by cochlear nerve deficiency
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2021
Keita Tsukada, Shin-ichi Usami
Recently, advances in diagnostic imaging technology have made it possible to diagnose CND, which has been recognized as a cause of SNHL[1,2]. It is proposed that CND results from developmental disorders in the embryonic stage and/or inner ear neuropathy in the early post-natal period [2]. The inner ear nerves consist of the cochlear nerve, and the upper and lower vestibular nerves. Based on the possibility of a developmental disorder, not only CND but also VND is expected. However, there have been few reports to date focusing on VND. McClay reported that hypoplasia or an absence of the vestibular nerve was observed in 12 of 49 ears (24%) with CND [3], and Adunka also reported that a loss of vestibular nerve was observed in 11 of 20 (55%) ears in CND cases [7]. In the present study, 36.8% of patients showed a vestibular nerve that was absent or smaller than that on the contralateral side (Figure 2(a)), suggesting that majority of the cases had only cochlear nerve deficiencies without VND.
Current perspectives on galvanic vestibular stimulation in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2021
Soojin Lee, Aiping Liu, Martin J. McKeown
Anatomically, the vestibular nerve combines with the cochlear nerve and becomes the vestibulocochlear nerve. Traveling by the cerebellopontine angle, this nerve enters the brainstem at the pontomedullary junction where the vestibular and cochlear nerves separate [49]. Some of the nerve fibers project to the flocculonodular lobe and nearby vermis of the cerebellum, while the majority of the fibers project to the ipsilateral vestibular complex in the pons [49]. The vestibular complex is where the vestibular inputs are primarily processed, and consists of four major nuclei including medial, lateral, superior, and inferior [50] as well as several adjacent cell groups. The vestibular pathways from the vestibular nuclei have different functional roles. Projections to the spinal cord are essential for postural reflexes to adjust head and body movements [51], and projections to the ocular motor nuclei are critical for compensatory eye movements during head motion (the vestibular-ocular reflex). Projections to the cerebellum are important for balance, postural control, and movement coordination [49], and pathways to the thalamus, hippocampus, and ultimately to the cortical areas are responsible for multisensory integration [50,52], contributing to movement planning and execution, spatial navigation and memory, attention, and emotional processing [52–54].
Recovery of ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials after treatment of inner ear diseases
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2019
Juan Hu, Hua Wang, Zichen Chen, Yuzhong Zhang, Wei Wang, Maoli Duan, Min Xu, Qing Zhang
The common belief is that VN affects the entire vestibular nerve, or the superior branch of the vestibular nerve, and cases of VN that affect the inferior branch of vestibular nerve are rarer. Our patient with VN showed a normal oVEMP response and absent cVEMP response during initial tests, indicating potential inferior vestibular nerve involvement. After 16 days of treatment, the patient demonstrated an increased cVEMP response threshold, representing partial recovery of inferior VN. Similarly, some clinicians have observed restoration of inferior vestibular nerve functions in a small proportion of patients as confirmed by cVEMP testing [10,20]. In a clinical study of a large group of VN patients, the authors found that otolith-related test (cVEMP) abnormalities were improved more rapidly than canal-related test abnormalities [11]. To date, there are more published reports of cVEMP recovery than oVEMP recovery in VN patients [10,11,13,20]. More follow-up studies with larger numbers of cases are needed to answer whether the inferior vestibular nerve is less likely to be affected but more likely to exhibit functional restoration.