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Anatomy and Physiology of Hearing
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
Ananth Vijendren, Peter Valentine
The inner ear delivers sensory information relating to hearing via the cochlea and balance via the vestibular system. It is formed of Dense bony covering (also called the otic capsule or bony labyrinth),Membranous ducts, andSensory organs within these ducts (Table 1.1).
Stem Cells and Nanotechnology
Published in Stavros Hatzopoulos, Andrea Ciorba, Mark Krumm, Advances in Audiology and Hearing Science, 2020
The human inner ear is divided into two main parts, the auditory system (the cochlea) and the vestibular system. The cochlea is a bony spiral canal, about 30-mm long and divided into three fluid-filled compartments, the scala tympani, the scala media, and the scala vestibuli. The round window membrane (RWM) and the blood inner ear barrier (BB) are two physical barriers that isolate the cochlea, respectively, from the middle ear and from the circulatory system. The RWM is a three-layer semipermeable membrane, composed of an outer epithelial cell layer, a middle connection layer, and an inner connection layer facing the perilymph of the scala tympani (Banerjee and Parnes, 2004). In humans, the variable thickness of RWM affects the response of patients to DD treatments. In animal models, its thickness is different among species but its composition is similar (Goycoolea and Lundman, 1997).
Solutions for Partial Deafness
Published in Stavros Hatzopoulos, Andrea Ciorba, Mark Krumm, Advances in Audiology and Hearing Science, 2020
Henryk Skarzynski, Piotr Henryk Skarzynski
For the last 15 years, partial deafness treatment (PDT) has become a routinely used standardized procedure at the Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing and the World Hearing Center, in Warsaw. This innovative clinical approached has been presented in 2002 by Henryk Skarzynski et al (2003). The development of a special surgical procedure the various methods of therapy and rehabilitation are the results of a large team of specialists including ear surgeons, clinical engineers, audiologists, speech therapists, psychologists, and other specialists working in the area of hearing. The program of PDT was designed to (1) ensure a comprehensive care; and (2) to achieve the best possible outcomes in the treatment of this group of patients (Skarzynski et al., 2003; Skarzynski et al., 2017). The interesting and challenging aspect of PDT is that partial deafness can be related to different hearing impairments. These hearing complications can be treated with cochlear/middle ear implants or hearing aids.
Sustained delivery of triamcinolone acetonide from a thermosensitive microemulsion gel system for the treatment of sensorineural hearing loss
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Thu Nhan Nguyen, So-Yeol Yoo, Warisraporn Tangchang, Jae-Young Lee, Hwa-Young Son, Jeong-Sook Park
Hearing is one of the most important senses, as it allows humans to be aware of surrounding airborne sounds. The cochlea is an organ dedicated to hearing that transfers mechanical stimuli as electrical signals and then transduces them to the brain, where they can be processed to cause auditory sensation (Brownell, 1997; Fettiplace, 2017; Sohmer, 1997). Any damage to the sensory hair cells or auditory nerves of the cochlea caused by external stimuli (such as excessive noise (Yang & Chung, 2016), infection (Cohen et al., 2014) or ototoxic drugs (Rizk et al., 2020)) or intrinsic causes such as genetic mutations (Vona & Haaf, 2016), aging (Cardin, 2016) and Meniere’s disease (Gacek, 2021) gives rise to sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), the most frequent inner ear impairment in humans. However, the treatment of SNHL has been challenging, as it is difficult to achieve therapeutic drug concentrations in the inner ear due to anatomical and physiological barriers. Poor penetration of the blood-labyrinth barrier that separates the blood from the inner ear fluids and the limited blood supply to the inner ear leads to subtherapeutic concentrations of drugs after systemic administration (Nyberg et al., 2019). Compared to systemic administration, intratympanic (IT) administration not only offers higher levels of drug in the perilymph but also minimizes undesired systemic side effects (Bird et al., 2011). This makes drug delivery via the IT route more attractive in the treatment of inner ear disorders.
The effect of cochlear implant age and duration of intervention on ESRT in children with cochlear implant
Published in Cochlear Implants International, 2023
Yashika Tyagi, Indranil Chatterjee
Cochlear implant is an implanted electronic hearing device, developed to produce efficient hearing sensations to a person with severe to profound nerve deafness by electrically stimulating auditory nerve. Cochlear implants consist of two main constituents, the externally worn microphone, sound processor and the implanted receiver and electrode system, the signals from the external system are delivered to the inner ear and these electric signals stimulate the nerve, which then sends a signal to the brain. New implant devices have a magnet that grasps the external structure in place next to the implanted internal system. The external component of the device may be worn exclusively at the back of the ear or its constituents may be worn in a belt pouch, pocket, or harness. The cochlear implant mimics natural hearing, where sound generates an electric current that excites the auditory nerve.
The applications of targeted delivery for gene therapies in hearing loss
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2023
Melissa Jones, Bozica Kovacevic, Corina Mihaela Ionescu, Susbin Raj Wagle, Christina Quintas, Elaine Y. M. Wong, Momir Mikov, Armin Mooranian, Hani Al-Salami
The complex structure of the mammalian ear is divided into three primary sections, classified as the outer, middle, and inner ear, with all parts required to work in an organised, controlled synergistic nature for hearing to occur. Focus here will be on the inner ear, which has roles in both hearing and balance [38]. The inner ear contains the cochlea where auditory signals are transduced. Located within the cochlea are three ducts, termed the scala vestibule, scala media, and scala tympani. Within the scala media of the cochlea, the organ of Corti is positioned, with the primary function of transducing auditory signals. The organ of Corti contains both inner and outer hair cells, being mechanosensory hair cells arranged in rows, with three rows of outer hair cells and one row of inner hair cells in the luminal half of the organ. Also located within are supporting cells of a non-sensory nature, positioned throughout the basement membrane to the luminal surface in a highly organised pattern [23,39,40].