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Tinnitus
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
Tinnitus most often results from damage to the hair cells located in a structure of your inner ear called the cochlea that are together responsible for the sensation of sound. A common way that this hair cell damage happens is that a person has too much exposure to loud noise, such as explosions or heavy machinery. Tinnitus can also be associated with head injuries, neck injuries, certain medications, and oftentimes tinnitus just kind of shows up and the person doesn't know why—this last mysterious category is known as idiopathic tinnitus (Henry et al., 2005). Tinnitus may also occur when a person hasn't experienced hearing loss, but that is significantly more rare and may even involve different problematic areas in the brain when compared to the more common type associated with hearing loss (Vanneste & De Ridder, 2016).
Communication in the context of older age
Published in Rebecca Allwood, Working with Communication and Swallowing Difficulties in Older Adults, 2022
Presbyacusis refers to the normal loss of hearing that is associated with ageing. This is a sensorineural hearing loss and occurs along a spectrum of severity but can lead to complete functional bilateral hearing loss. There are multiple factors involved in the severity of the hearing loss, including genetic predisposition and amount of exposure to very loud noise.
Cranial Neuropathies I, V, and VII–XII
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Abnormalities in the auditory pathways manifest as hearing impairment. Sensorineural hearing loss is a deficit caused by a lesion at the level of the cochlea or CN VIII. Conductive hearing loss is due to a dysfunction in transmission of sound to the cochlea (in the external or middle ear).
Conversations about mental illness and health in adult audiological rehabilitation
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2023
Emma C. Laird, Christina A. Bryant, Caitlin M. Barr, Rebecca J. Bennett
Nearly half of the participants reported that they have had at least one previous conversation with a client about symptoms of psychosis (prompted in the survey with ‘e.g. Hearing voices, paranoid thoughts, unusual beliefs’). One participant provided some insight by stating that discussions about psychosis ‘would be more in relation to describing tinnitus-like symptoms rather than being specific to symptoms of psychosis’. Prevalence of psychosis is only approx. 0.39% in the general population (Moreno-Kustner, Martin, and Pastor 2018) and hearing loss has been estimated to increase the odds of experiencing psychosis by 2.23 times (95% CI = 1.83–2.72) (Linszen et al. 2016). However, when auditory hallucinations have been studied in isolation, Linszen et al. (2019) found that 16.2% of people with hearing loss had experienced auditory hallucinations over the past month. Most auditory hallucinations involved hearing voices and music, and these symptoms were found to increase with the severity of hearing loss (Linszen et al. 2019). This may help to explain why many audiologists have reported previous discussions of client psychotic experiences, where information about auditory hallucinations may arise from enquires about tinnitus experiences. Many auditory hallucinations experienced by people with hearing loss are, however, not a product of psychopathology, but rather an experience of tinnitus or musical hallucinations (Musiek et al. 2007). Nevertheless, audiologists should still endeavour to establish the psychological impact of these experiences on their clients.
Emerging therapies for human hearing loss
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2022
Elise Ajay, Niliksha Gunewardene, Rachael Richardson
There are four forms of hearing loss (sensorineural, conductive, combined, and central), but the majority can be classified as sensorineural, with an underlying pathology of the hair cells and/or the spiral ganglion neurons. Sensorineural hearing loss is classified as mild, moderate, severe, profound, or total, and can be caused by any of several pathophysiological mechanisms. The most common cause of hearing loss in adults is age-related hearing loss [2], in which there is gradual degeneration of sensory cells or neural pathways over time. Other factors causing hearing loss include genetics, noise exposure, infection, adverse perinatal conditions (e.g. hypoxia, asphyxia and ischemia), trauma, medications and toxins, and dysfunction of spiral ganglion neurons [1]. Other forms of hearing loss are based on conductive dysfunction, central auditory processing disorders, or a combination of these [1].
Current status data with two competing risks and missing failure types: a parametric approach
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2022
This section illustrates the proposed methodology using a data set on hearing loss collected from Ali Yavar Jung National Institute of Speech and Hearing Disabilities, Eastern Regional Center [1]. Hearing loss is more common than most people realize that can develop at any age and can be caused by many different factors. It can be categorized into three general different types depending on which part of the ear is affected: (i) Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is the most common type and occurs when there is a problem with the sensory and/or neural structures in the inner ear, (ii) Conductive hearing loss occurs when there are obstructions in the outer or middle ear, and, finally, (iii) Mixed hearing loss is the presence of both sensorineural and conductive hearing loss. In addition to some irreversible hearing loss caused by a problem with the inner ear, there is also an issue with the outer or middle ear, which makes the hearing loss worse [4, p37].