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Nutrition and Metabolic Factors
Published in Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan, Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan
Hydration of athletes is of utmost importance, especially at altitude and in hot environments (159). Dehydration can cause a variety of performance and health problems, and in severe cases, even death. In fact, the loss of as little as 1–2% of body mass in water, even for short periods of time (i.e., hours), can negatively impact a variety of physiological processes and mental function. For example, researchers have shown that mild dehydration (1–2%) can result in loss of performance, including cardiovascular function and performance (143, 178), intermittent cycling performance (229), muscle strength (182), and memory processing and cognitive function (236). Furthermore, prolonged mild dehydration has been associated with central nervous system damage (236).
Continuous deep sedation and homicide
Published in Govert den Hartogh, What Kind of Death, 2023
How should the upper limit be specified for this strategy to succeed? As we have seen the guidelines give varying answers to this question, roughly in a range from 4 to 14 days. Even older people (60+) are supposed to be able to survive 10–14 days without the intake of any fluids. But in this case we are talking about people in the last stage of a fatal illness. Patients in that category may be expected to die from dehydration after a few days. Even within that time frame estimations of life expectancy are unreliable and the uncertainty increases when death is farther away. Hence the upper limit should be closer to 4 than to 14 days.23
The patient with acute cardiovascular problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
As the name suggests, hypovolaemic shock is a problem with the blood or volume component of the circulation. Hypovolaemia is one of the most common causes of shock and is the most easily reversed. Volume can be lost from the circulation in a number of ways. External blood loss can easily be identified as long as a comprehensive assessment is performed, internal bleeding, though, is not so easily discernible, and information gained from the past medical history and pharmacological therapy contributes to diagnosis. Fluid can also be lost from the circulation into the gut, as with paralytic ileus, or the peritoneal space, as with liver failure (see Chapter 10). Dehydration can occur from excessive vomiting, diarrhoea, sweating, infection, burns and wound exudate/drainage. Hidden losses are not always easy to estimate and may not be obvious, even when accurate fluid balance monitoring is recorded. Insensible losses in health can be 500–900mL per day (Norris 2019). As they increase with pyrexia, increased respiratory rate and diarrhoea, they need to be taken into account when calculating fluid requirements.
Associations between Human Papillomavirus Status, Weight Change, and Survival of Oropharyngeal Cancer Patients
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Sheilla de Oliveira Faria, Katrina Hueniken, Vijay Kunaratnam, Shao Hui Huang, David Goldstein, Jolie Ringash, Joanne Pun, Andrew Hope, Anna Spreafico, Wei Xu, Doris Howell, Geoffrey Liu
Our analysis showed that HPV-positive OPC patients experienced greater CWL during treatment, consistent with those of Vatca et al. (23) and Vangelov et al. (27). Poorer nutritional outcomes in HPV-positive patients could be due to increased acute toxicities experienced during treatment and lack of adherence to nutrition intervention (29). Further, since HPV-positive patients often experience fewer symptoms prior to treatment, these patients may correspondingly be less prepared for acute chemoradiation-related toxicities leading to greater insult to their day-to-day health and nutritional status (30). As we did not evaluate body composition, it is possible that the weight lost during treatment could come primarily from fat loss rather than lean mass loss, which may explain why we were not able to find a relationship between CWL and OS. Further, weight loss during treatment includes muscle mass loss and dehydration; it is likely that dehydration could be an important confounding factor between true weight loss from muscle wasting and survival. Dehydration can be remedied quickly, whilst muscle wasting is much harder to manage.
A survey of speech pathologist practice patterns for consulting registered dieticians when recommending diet alterations
Published in Speech, Language and Hearing, 2022
Ed M. Bice, Kristine E. Galek, Alicia K. Vose
Dehydration in clinical practice refers to the loss of body water at a rate greater than the body can replace it. Clinically, it cannot be defined by a single symptom, sign, or laboratory value (Thomas et al., 2008). Dehydration is a frequently diagnosed fluid and electrolyte disorder of frail elders, both in long-term care settings and in the community (Lavizzo-Mourey, Johnson, & Stolley, 1988). It is one of the ten most frequent diagnoses reported for Medicare hospitalizations (DiBardino & Wunderink, 2015). Dehydration may contribute to underlying disabilities by causing orthostatic hypotension resulting in dizziness, confusion, delirium, and weakness (J. Mukand, Cai, Zielinski, Danish, & Berman, 2003). In addition, there is an increased risk of death in patients who are dehydrated at the time of hospitalization (Warren et al., 1994).
‘Drink clean, safe water and/or other fluids through-out the day even if you do not feel thirsty’: a food-based dietary guideline for the elderly in South Africa
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2021
Upasana Mukherjee, Carin Napier, Wilna Oldewage-Theron
Small reductions in fluid intake or increased output can lead to severe dehydration.2 A reduction of total body water (TBW) is defined as dehydration and it can be brought about mainly by two mechanisms: water loss or electrolyte or salt loss.23 Water is also stored in the muscle mass of the body so a loss in muscle mass and increase in fat mass (which is associated with ageing) also leads to a decline in TBW.10 Chronic use of certain drugs like diuretics, corticoids and metformin as well as their route of administration have been shown to affect hydration status of the elderly in clinical studies.25,26 The elderly are particularly at risk of unrecognised dehydration because, in many cases, in the early stages of dehydration, no signs are present and dehydration is only detected when it is in the severe stage.26 Clinical signs of dehydration include oral dryness (tongue furrows, dry mucous membranes), weight loss, skin turgor, constipation, orthostatic hypotension and urine concentration.