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Retinopathy (Diabetic)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Retinopathy is any damage to the retina of the eyes (e.g., microaneurysms, retinal infarcts, or hemorrhages) with or without macular edema and proliferative retinopathy that may cause vision impairment. The two most typical causes of retinopathy are high blood pressure and diabetes (type 1 or type 2). In diabetic patients, retinopathy occurs after 10-20 years. It is the most common cause of blindness in middle-aged and elderly patients.1
Toxins in Neuro-Ophthalmology
Published in Vivek Lal, A Clinical Approach to Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders, 2023
A variety of pharmacologic drugs can cause retinal toxicity. The toxicity can be categorized into pigmentary retinopathy, choroidal toxicity, macular edema and crystalline retinopathy. Symptoms of retinopathy includes decreased visual acuity and color vision, photopsia, field defects and metamorphopsia.
Renal Disease; Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Retinopathy is common and is graded according to severity. Grade 3 or 4 indicates accelerated or ‘malignant’ hypertension (see HYPERTENSION AT A GLANCE, Figure A). Grade 1: arterial spasm, tortuous arteries, silver wire appearanceGrade 2: arteriovenous nipping; veins appear narrowed where the arteries pass over themGrade 3: haemorrhage, including flame haemorrhage; lipid extravasation causes exudates, visible as white patches or spotsGrade 4: papilloedema; a swollen optic disc
Effect of an educational intervention based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour in type 2 diabetic patients at a foot and eye care practice
Published in Journal of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa, 2023
B Pezeshki, S Orangi, SM Kashfi, P Afzali Harsini, F Mohammadkhah, A Khani Jeihooni
Diabetic retinopathy is another condition that can occur as a result of diabetes. Diabetes can gradually damage the capillaries (small blood vessels) of the retina by altering the veins at artery–vein junctions. These blood arteries may become weaker and bulge, obstructing blood flow, which may be minor and go undiagnosed for extended periods of time.10 According to studies, diabetes patients have a 25-fold increased risk of blindness compared with non-diabetics.11 Diabetes, namely diabetic retinopathy, is the main cause of new incidents of blindness in Americans aged 20–74 years.12 Blood glucose level, hypertension, triglyceride and cholesterol levels, sex, type of diabetes, duration of disease, and age are all major risk factors for diabetic retinopathy.13 As a result, researchers should focus their efforts on diabetes and its consequences as a global public health priority.
Deletion of toll-like receptor 4 ameliorates diabetic retinopathy in mice
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
So far, there is no direct mouse model of diabetic retinopathy; therefore, we used STX-induced type II diabetes mouse model because diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of type II diabetes (Wang et al. 2015). High blood glucose levels, TC and TG, low serum insulin levels in STZ-injected mice all indicated the successful establishment of diabetes mouse model. Moreover, the thickness of retina was decreased in STZ-injected mice, which suggested the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy. That is why we chose this mouse model and also the reason that we aimed to develop the new strategy for diabetic retinopathy. Because until now, well control of blood glucose level, blood pressure and blood lipids, is still the fundamental method to treat diabetic retinopathy as well as diabetes. Therefore, there is no directly effective therapy for diabetic retinopathy; therefore, considering the protective role of TLR4/NF-κB signalling pathway in the diabetic retinopathy and independent role separated by diabetes, we made a hypothesis that TLR4 knockout mice attenuated the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Our study compared the difference between wild-type mice and TLR4 knockout mice in the process of STZ-induced diabetic retinopathy, and the results were consistent with our hypothesis.
Quality of Sleep in Elderly Patients with Diabetes Mellitus from Turkey: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2022
Muharrem Bayrak, Kenan Çadirci
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients were prospectively recorded in a database. Age, gender, body mass index (BMI), educational and marital status were documented. Educational status was categorized as illiterate, primary, and high school. The patients were classified into four BMI groups: underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2), and obese (30–39.9 kg/m2). Duration of T2DM (years), coexisting diseases, hypoglycemic event (at least once during the last month before the admission), medications, diabetes-related complications including coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, stroke, nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy were noted. T2DM duration was classified as < 5 years, 5–10 years, and > 10 years (Zeng et al., 2018). The ophthalmologic and neurological examinations were performed to evaluate the presence of retinopathy and neuropathy. The use of five or more drugs was defined as polypharmacy. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures from both arms were measured after 30 minutes of rest, and the average of measurements was calculated.