China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Marine Algae in Diabetes and Its Complications
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Current treatments for diabetic retinopathy include local treatments: 1) laser treatments (panretinal laser photocoagulation therapy, focal/grid laser) indicated in peripheral ischemia associated with neovascular proliferation (Simó and Hernández, 2014); 2) vitrectomy for vitreous hemorrhage and cryotherapy for retinal detachment (Bressler et al., 2018); 3) intravitreal steroids (fluocinolone acetonide insert [Retiser, Iluvien], dexamethasone [Ozurdex], triamcinolone acetonide [Kenacort Retard], and anti-TNF-α [infliximab, adalimumab]) for inflammation (Reddy et al., 2018), intravitreal injections of anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibodies (aflibercept [Eylea], ranibizumab [Lucentis], pegaptanib [Macugen]), bevacizumab [Avastin]) against VEGF-mediated retinopathy (Wang and Lo, 2018). Systemic treatments include traditional approaches to the treatment of hyperglycemia (Wang and Lo, 2018).
Artificial Intelligence and Hospital Automation
Published in Salvatore Volpe, Health Informatics, 2022
Another important factor in successfully integrating AI is in choosing its area of use. In our current capacity, AI is a more natural fit with certain clinical applications than others. A particularly good match for AI is the detection of diabetic retinopathy, the most common cause of vision impairment and blindness in adults who suffer from diabetes. Diabetic retinopathy occurs when high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in light-sensitive retinal tissue in the back of the eye. Early detection is critical for managing this condition, but since half of diabetic patients do not see an eye doctor annually, many are not properly screened for diabetic retinopathy, according to Malvina Eydelman, MD, of the FDA Center for Devices and Radiological Health.
Diabetic Retinopathy
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Retinal vascular disease (diabetic retinopathy) is one of the most common causes of blindness in the United States. The International Diabetes Federation estimates that the global population with diabetes mellitus will reach 700 million by the year 2045. Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes and a leading cause of preventable blindness in adults. The global prevalence of diabetic retinopathy is 22.27% of diabetic patients, and vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy is at 6.17%. Diabetic retinopathy is damage to the retinal blood vessels, which become leaky or blocked. Vision loss most commonly occurs due to swelling in the macula, the central part of the retina, which can lead to vision impairment. Abnormal blood vessels can also grow from the retina, causing bleeding and blindness. Subclassifications include nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, which may or may not be severe, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Complications of diabetes mellitus also include macular edema and retinal detachment. Other outcomes include intraretinal hemorrhage, exudates, macular ischemia, vitreous hemorrhage, and neovascularization.
Some properties of stop-loss moments under biased sampling
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2023
N Vipin, Indranil Ghosh, S. M. Sunoj
The estimation procedures discussed in Section 3 are applied to a set of failure time data arising from the diabetic retinopathy study given in Feizjavadian and Hashemi [3], where they analyzed the data using the MRWRD. The study was conducted to estimate the effect of laser treatment in delaying the onset of blindness in patients with diabetic retinopathy. At the beginning of the study, for each patient, one eye was randomly selected for laser treatment and the other eye was given no treatment. The time to blindness for both eyes was recorded in days. We have estimated the values of the stop-loss moment of the time to blindness for treated eye, untreated eye and total time to blindness using the empirical estimators given in (34), (39), (40) and (41), and are depicted in Figure 1 for comparison of its performance.
Deletion of toll-like receptor 4 ameliorates diabetic retinopathy in mice
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Diabetic retinopathy is a common and specific microvascular complication of diabetes that affects eyes. It is caused by the damaged blood vessels of the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye, which is retina, resulting in the leakage or swell of the blood vessels to close or stop blood from passing through. Sometimes, abnormal neovascularization formed in the retina without any function (Heng et al. 2013). At first, there might be no symptoms or only mild vision problems, such as blurred vision, impaired colour vision, fluctuating vision or others, eventually leading to blindness. Because diabetic retinopathy greatly affected the quality of life, and it is the leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide and also related with the upregulated risk of life-threatening vascular complications, such as heart failure, stroke and coronary heart disease, this needs to be carefully and seriously treated (Cheung et al. 2010). However, there is no direct therapeutic treatment for diabetic retinopathy. Controlling blood glucose levels, blood pressure, as well as blood lipids, which are used for treating diabetes, remain the fundamental way to prevent and delay the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, we aimed to develop a new therapeutic strategy to directly protect diabetic patients from diabetic retinopathy.
Potential molecular mechanism of action of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in the prevention and management of diabetic retinopathy
Published in Expert Review of Ophthalmology, 2022
Lia Meuthia Zaini, Arief S Kartasasmita, Tjahjono D Gondhowiardjo, Maimun Syukri, Ronny Lesmana
Adequate control of blood glucose levels is the basis of treatment of diabetic retinopathy. SGLT2 inhibitors are among the most superior antidiabetic drugs in lowering blood sugar and preventing DR progression. Additionally, they are proven to be effective in reducing cardiovascular death (CVD), all-cause death (ACD), and hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) in patients with heart failure. SGLT2 inhibitors also play a role in preventing kidney function progression (KFP) [70,71]. Currently, the use of anti-VEGF is significant in overcoming the worsening of vision due to DR and DME, as well as laser photocoagulation to prevent neovascularization. However, a decrease in visual acuity is still inevitable in most cases. Several factors may lead to this condition, such as insufficient control of risk factors and delay in treatment with advanced severity of the disease. Intravitreal anti-VEGF is also deemed ineffective in treating DME in the vitrectomized eye. On the other hand, the treatment involves multiple, repeated procedures, which is relatively expensive and tiresome for patients. Therefore, new therapeutic modalities are still very much necessary.