China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Obstetrics and Gynecology
Published in James M. Rippe, Manual of Lifestyle Medicine, 2021
Education is critically important in the prevention of STIs. There are a number of methods for lowering the risk of STI (38): Contraceptive counselingThe best contraceptive method for prevention of STIs continues to be the male condom.VaccinesOne of the most effective means of preventing STIs is exposure immunization. Currently, there are vaccinations available for hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, and human papilloma virus.Male circumcisionBy removing the foreskin and thus eliminating a moist environment where infection can proliferate, male circumcision significantly reduces the risk of HVP, HIV, and HSV transmission. Circumcision also reduced a man’s risk for penile cancer and genital ulcer disease.
Anatomy and physiology
Published in Suzanne Everett, Handbook of Contraception and Sexual Health, 2020
A vertical septum of subcutaneous tissue divides it into two parts, each containing one testis. There are approximately 500 seminiferous tubules per testis. The tubules are divided by fibrous septae and surrounded by the tunica albuginea. Each tubule is 30–70 cm long. The location of the testes, outside the abdominal cavity, provides a temperature about 3°C below normal body temperature. This lower temperature is necessary for production of viable sperm. Interstitial tissue between the seminiferous tubules contains connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics and Leydig cells which produce testosterone. In each testis there are tubules and ducts which form the epididymis, which then leads on to become the vas deferens, which enlarges to become the ampulla. The seminal vesicle joins each vas deferens at the lower end of the ampulla; these tubes then become known as the ejaculatory ducts. The ejaculatory ducts then fuse to the urethra in the prostate gland to become one duct, the prostatic urethra. The prostatic urethra will then carry semen and urine, the bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s gland) join the urethra,which enters the penis. The penis comprises three cylindrical bodies: two dorsal corpora cavernosa and one corpus spongiosum. The urethra ends at the external urethral meatus. The head of the penis is usually covered by prepuce or foreskin which can be removed in circumcision.
Urology
Published in Stephan Strobel, Lewis Spitz, Stephen D. Marks, Great Ormond Street Handbook of Paediatrics, 2019
Hypospadia occurs 1 in 300 live male births. This congenital abnormality is characterised by any combination of the following key features: A ventral urethral meatus abnormally positioned anywhere from the glans penis to the perineum (Fig. 22.32).Chordee forces the penis to point down to the scrotum when erect (Fig. 22.33).A ‘hooded’ foreskin present only on the dorsal side.
An evaluation of the pharmacotherapeutic options for the treatment of adult phimosis. A systematic review of the evidence
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
Anna Lygas, Hrishikesh Bhaskar Joshi
The differential diagnosis of foreskin pathologies in male patients, that can present as or with phimosis, include sexually transmitted diseases and skin problems such as lichen planus, psoriasis, eczema, squamous skin carcinoma, and zoon balanitis [14]. Despite clear morbidity and mortality associated with LS the number of studies focusing on the adult male population, with proven LS, are relatively small and the evidence behind the treatments, especially pharmacological treatments, in adults remains unclear. It is likely that pharmacological treatments are followed more commonly in the men who avoid surgical treatment such as circumcision. The objective of this study was to evaluate pharmacotherapeutic options in adult population with phimosis or LS and report on their outcomes. It is expected that the review will highlight the areas for the future research.
Acceptability of male circumcision for HIV prevention among men who have sex with men in China: a short report
Published in AIDS Care, 2022
Tanwei Yuan, Yanxiao Gao, Zhenyu Wang, Ruonan Huang, Junfeng Wang, Peiyang Li, Xiaojun Meng, Kechun Zhang, Guanghui Wang, Yepeng Zhou, Danyang Luo, Yong Cai, Song Fan, Lin Ouyang, Jin Zhao, Maohe Yu, Han-Zhu Qian, Guohui Wu, Huachun Zou
Consistent with previous studies conducted among heterosexual men (Westercamp & Bailey, 2007), we found that perceiving circumcision could help maintain genital hygiene was positively associated with the acceptability of circumcision among MSM. The unpleasant smell of smegma under the foreskin of uncircumcised men could be repulsive for their sexual partners, especially when they intend to have oral sex. Additionally, we found that MSM who perceived circumcision as an embarrassing surgery had a lower likelihood of being willing to be circumcised. Embarrassment associated with circumcision could also come from friends, sexual partners, and family members who might consider it is strange for an adult man to do surgery on penis (Wang et al., 2016). These findings imply that the positive impact of circumcision on sexual experiences could be more highlighted in educational interventions among MSM community. Efforts should be made to normalize circumcision surgery in the public, which could be done by promoting relevant health education from the mass media.
Sexual risk behaviors following circumcision among HIV-positive men in Rakai, Uganda
Published in AIDS Care, 2018
Edward Nelson Kankaka, Joseph Ssekasanvu, Jessica Prodger, Dorean Nabukalu, Hadijja Nakawooya, Anthony Ndyanabo, Godfrey Kigozi, Ronald Gray
Some of the studies above included a minority of HIV-positive men but the analyses did not explicitly assess post-circumcision risk behavior in HIV-positive men. For example, a cross-sectional study that reported higher prevalence of sexual risk behavior in circumcised men only observed that majority of these circumcised men were HIV negative (Kibira, Sandøy, et al., 2015). The WHO recommended that HIV-positive men should not be denied circumcision unless medically contraindicated (WHO, 2007), since there are several benefits for them including reduction in human papillomavirus infection, genital ulceration, and foreskin pathologies (Awad et al., 2017; Tobian et al., 2015). Recent mathematical modeling has also projected that greater inclusion of HIV positive men could significantly increase effectiveness of male circumcision programs (Awad et al., 2017). However, reports of a transient increase in post-circumcision penile HIV shedding (Tobian et al., 2015), and a seemingly higher rate of HIV acquisition in female partners of circumcised HIV-positive men (though non-significant) (Wawer et al., 2009), warrant specific assessment of whether circumcision of HIV-positive men is associated with increased sexual risk behaviors.