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Diabetic Neuropathy
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
When lumbar radiculopathy is due to disc damage, material within the intervertebral disc leaks out, compressing the nerve root. Cervical radiculopathy is marked by nerve compression from herniated disks or arthritic bone spurs. It occurs with pathologies that cause symptoms on the nerve roots such as compression, irritation, traction, and lesions. The pinched nerve may occur in different areas of the thoracic spine. Important structures that are involved in this condition include all of the thoracic vertebrae, the intervertebral discs, the 12 pairs of spinal nerve roots, and the 12 rami. The posterior rami innervate the regional back muscles, while the ventral rami innervate the chest and abdominal skin and muscles.
Targeting the Nervous System
Published in Nathan Keighley, Miraculous Medicines and the Chemistry of Drug Design, 2020
Nerves transmit signals between the CNS, made up of the brain and spinal cord, to the body (peripheral nervous system). The motor nerves of the peripheral nervous system are divided into three subsystems. The somatic motor nervous system carries signals from the CNS to skeletal muscle to stimulate voluntary muscle contraction. The autonomic nervous system carries messages from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and the adrenal medulla to stimulate the release of adrenaline. These nervous impulses are divided across two pathways. Parasympathetic nerves leave the CNS, travel some distance before encountering a synapse with a second nerve, and then the nerve impulse is transmitted across the junction using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Sympathetic nerves leave the CNS, but almost immediately synapse with a second nerve, again using acetylcholine. The second nerve proceeds to the same target organs as the parasympathetic pathway, but the synapses also have different receptors, that use different neurotransmitter: noradrenaline. These two systems tend to have an antagonistic relationship, where the sympathetic nervous system gets the body ready for action, and the parasympathetic calms the body down.
Neurology
Published in Roy Palmer, Diana Wetherill, Medicine for Lawyers, 2020
Nerves also carry sensory messages from the periphery to the centre. These messages concern the state of the outside world as it affects the body: pain, temperature, touch, and the ability to discriminate and to sense the body’s position in space—postural sense. Damage to the sensory part of the peripheral nerves can produce a number of symptoms, such as numbness, tingling and burning to name but a few.
Efficient simulations of stretch growth axon based on improved HH model
Published in Neurological Research, 2023
Xiao Li, Xianxin Dong, Xikai Tu, Hailong Huang
Neuronal cell is composed of three components: a cell body, an axon, and a dendrite. These components are responsible for receiving, integrating, and delivering information. In general, neurons receive and integrate information from other neurons via their dendrites and cell bodies, and then transfer it to other neurons via their axons. Nerve fibers have great excitability and conductivity, and their primary role is to transmit information between neurons. When a sufficient stimulus excites a nerve fiber, it immediately generates a propagable action potential. Chemical synapses allow action potentials to be passed from one neuron to the next by transporting neurotransmitters through synaptic vesicles. The action potential-induced shift in membrane potential causes the calcium channel on the synaptic terminal membrane to open, allowing a substantial number of calcium ions to flow into the membrane, resulting in an abrupt increase in calcium ions in the synaptic membrane. When synaptic vesicles detect an increase in the number of calcium ions in the surrounding environment, they fuse with the presynaptic membrane and spit neurotransmitters into the synaptic gap. After binding to a protein receptor on the postsynaptic membrane, the neurotransmitter causes excitement or inhibition.
The Healing Effects of Thymoquinone and Dexpanthenol in Sciatic Nerve Compression Injury in Rats
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2021
Mustafa Ogden, Sahika Burcu Karaca, Gulcin Aydin, Ulas Yuksel, Ahmet Turan Dagli, Suleyman Akkaya, Bulent Bakar
It is currently accepted that functional healing of peripheral nerve injuries is generally difficult and treatment options other than surgery are mostly pain relief and palliative care [1]. Following compression injuries of peripheral nerves, mechanical transmission is cut and microvascularization of the nerve starts to form, then at the stage of reperfusion following compression, free radicals form in and around the injured nerve, and these free radicals have been shown to cause lipid peroxidation reactions in the myelin sheath [2,3]. In previous experimental studies, surgical operations (e.g. autologous nerve transplantation or tissue engineering of nerve canals), some physical applications (e.g. electric, magnetic field, shock wave, or laser stimulation), biological treatments (e.g. administration of neurotrophic factors, vitamins, or drugs), and the administration of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory substances have been reported to provide promising results for the regeneration of injured peripheral nerves [4–7].
Diagnosis and conservative management of great toe pathologies: a review
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2021
Nicholas A. Andrews, Jessyca Ray, Aseel Dib, Whitt M. Harrelson, Ankit Khurana, Maninder Shah Singh, Ashish Shah
A brief neurological examination of the lower extremity should be completed in all patients and includes lower extremity reflexes, muscle strength, and various tests to evaluate large and small fiber status. Patients with peripheral neuropathy may demonstrate a high stepping gait along with reduced lower extremity reflexes and sensation. Urgent evaluation of spinal cord, brain stem, and brain lesions should be completed in patients with no prior history of upper motor neuron dysfunction who demonstrate upper motor neuron signs along with bowel or bladder involvement. Clinicians should be aware of the common neurologic presentations of polyneuropathy, lumbar radiculopathy or plexopathy, and mono-neuropathies that can be distinguished based on the spatial distributions of sensory disturbances, motor neuron signs, and altered reflexes. In the event that this brief neurologic exam demonstrates any abnormalities, the patient should be sent for more thorough neurologic evaluations. These neurologic tests may include radiographic imaging studies, nerve conduction studies, or even nerve biopsies.