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Assessment – Nutrition-Focused Physical Exam to Detect Macronutrient Deficiencies
Published in Jennifer Doley, Mary J. Marian, Adult Malnutrition, 2023
Muscle atrophy is defined as a reduction in muscle mass, which can be a partial or significant loss.16 Muscle atrophy occurs when the body loses protein at an excessive rate while protein synthesis is diminished and where catabolism exceeds synthesis. Muscle loss is commonly observed in disease-related malnutrition, particularly in diseases such as cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, chronic renal failure, gastrointestinal disorders, and severe burns. Muscle atrophy can also occur due to reduced physical activity, immobility, poor nutritional intake, increased energy and protein needs, and decreased nutrient utilization or absorption. Muscle weakness and atrophy may also develop during the course of hospitalization in the intensive care unit (ICU) and is termed “intensive care unit acquired weakness”.17,18 One study has shown that when patients are admitted and treated in the ICU for 7–10 days, the incidence of ICU-induced muscle weakness increases by 24–55%.18
Physical inactivity and health
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Daneshmandi et al. (2017) studied office workers and found that those who sat for an average six and a half hours per day reported lower back (53%), neck (53%) and shoulder (52%) pain. The authors explain that when sitting, the spine deviates from its normal S-shaped curve, which causes greater pressure on the spine and less pressure on the lower limbs. When we stand, the spine returns to its normal shape and the lower limbs take more of the body’s weight. Sitting means we are not using muscles in our legs and buttocks, which can lead to muscle atrophy. Atrophy means the muscle shortens and weakens. One outcome is that the hip joints are poorly supported, resulting in pain and limping. In turn, pain discourages muscle use and a downward cycle begins (Amaro et al., 2007; Tamura et al., 2019). Sitting also puts stress on the other muscles and the spine. For example, the longer we sit, the more likely we are to slouch, causing prolonged muscle contraction and pressure on the joints around the neck and lower back which eventually leads to pain (Kwon et al., 2018).
Hip Pain
Published in Benjamin Apichai, Chinese Medicine for Lower Body Pain, 2021
Lumbosacral strain is a chronic soft tissue injury in the lumbar region that causes low back pain. Strain means the tearing of the lumbosacral muscles, tendons, and fascia. Among the chronic back pain diseases, lumbosacral strain is a common pain. It is often found in middle-aged patients, especially patients with assigned female reproductive systems.
Dual-Task Training Effects on the Cognitive-Motor Interference in Individuals with Intellectual Disability
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2023
Rihab Borji, Thoraya Fendri, Sofien Kasmi, Emna Haddar, Rabeb Laatar, Sonia Sahli, Haithem Rebai
Isometric muscle force for the quadriceps muscle group of the dominant leg was assessed before and after the 8 weeks only under ST condition. Participants were asked to perform 3 MVC of the knee extensors lasting 5 s with a 3-min rest period between trials. Strong verbal encouragements were provided to the participants during all of these MVC. In the beginning of the testing session, participants performed many (12-15) sub-maximal isometric contractions as a warm-up phase. Participants were seated comfortably on a knee extension device (leg extension machine, PANATTA SPORT ®, Italia) with the trunk-thigh angle flexed at 90°. A strap secured the hips and thighs to minimize uncontrolled movements. The force generated during the muscle contraction was assessed by a strain gauge. A leather ankle cuff was placed around the dominant leg just proximal to the malleoli and tightly attached to a load cell (range 0–2500 N; Globus Ergometer, Globus, Codogne, Italy) properly mounted on the leg extension machine. The chain was adjusted in length so that when the participant performed knee extension, the knee remained at 90° of flexion (0° corresponds to full knee extension). The signal from the load cell was amplified using a Globus amplifier (Tesys 400, Globus, Codogne, Italy) and fed through an analog-todigital converter (12 bit) and stored on computer with a sampling frequency of 1000 Hz.
Effects of back extensor and hip abductor fatigue on dynamic postural stability in patients with nonspecific chronic low back pain: A case-control study
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Shirin Tajali, Narges Roozbehfar, Mohammad Mehravar, Shahin Goharpey, Khadije Gayem
Muscle fatigue, defined as a reduction in the force output of a skeletal muscle, can happen during different submaximal daily activities (Johanson et al., 2011; Parreira et al., 2013). It is known that postural control can be negatively affected by peripheral muscle fatigue due to decreased muscle contractile efficiency and proprioceptive acuity (Gribble and Hertel, 2004a, 2004b; Parreira et al., 2013). Indeed, disruption in the afferent feedbacks due to muscle fatigue may impair joint proprioception and subsequently affects somatosensory inputs and postural control strategies (Gribble and Hertel, 2004a, 2004b). In patients with chronic LBP, reduced lumbosacral proprioception and poor lumbar extensor endurance have been frequently reported in the literature (Brumagne, Cordo, and Verschueren, 2004; Da Silva et al., 2015). Importantly, decreased back muscle endurance was associated with increased periods of sitting and lower physical activity levels in chronic LBPs who reported pain during sustained postures in their work (O’Sullivan et al., 2006). Although it is well understood that back muscles are extremely important for preserving postural stability during daily activities (Da Silva et al., 2015, 2016; Parreira et al., 2013), little is known about their fatigue effects on postural stability in patients with NSCLBP.
Emerging therapeutic targets for cardiac hypertrophy
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2022
Alexander J. Winkle, Drew M. Nassal, Rebecca Shaheen, Evelyn Thomas, Shivangi Mohta, Daniel Gratz, Seth H. Weinberg, Thomas J. Hund
Hypertrophy is observed in response to a host of pathophysiological stimuli and is generally viewed to play an adaptive or maladaptive role depending on many factors, including type/duration of stress, existing pathology, and individual predisposition. Physiological hypertrophy includes postnatal growth as well as growth induced by pregnancy and exercise and is generally viewed to be supportive of cardiac health [19]. Physiological hypertrophy is characterized by little to no increase in interstitial fibrosis as well as a slight (10–20%) increase in heart mass [21]. As hypertrophy develops, sarcomeres are added to the existing muscle, and constitutes the increase in mass described by hypertrophy’s classical definition. The orientation of this addition plays a key role in the ability of the heart to maintain its function. In physiological hypertrophy, also referred to as adaptive hypertrophy, these sarcomeres are added in series and in parallel to the existing structure in the cardiomyocyte, resulting in a proportional enlargement of the cell [21]. This results in a maintained, or increased cardiac output, which is reversible when cardiac demand is normalized (Figure 1) [22].