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Introduction to Drugs and Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
It is best practice to explain that there are two distinct phases involved in the growth of a baby, as shown in Figure 1.2, and even provide a copy of that figure. Explain to the patient that the first phase is the embryonic development.
The Inducible Defense System: The Induction and Development of the Inducible Defence
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Michael A. Hickey, Diane Wallace Taylor
During embryonic development, stem cells that give rise to lymphocytes can be identified in the yolk sac. The yolk sac is of endodermal origin (an outpocketing of the gut), but cells of mesodermal origin are thought to migrate there and develop into stem cells. In mammals, stem cells migrate from the yolk sac into the developing thymus and the fetal liver, and then from the fetal liver into the bone marrow. Following differentiation and development, lymphocytes leave the thymus as T cells and the bone marrow as B cells that migrate into the spleen. From the spleen, lymphocytes migrate to the developing lymph nodes and the blood. Immature pre-T-cells also emigrate from the bone marrow to the thymus, where they complete development. Self-rene wing stem cells can be found in the bone marrow throughout the life of the animal.
Assessment of fetal behavior
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Asim Kurjak, Milan Stanojevic, Badreldeen Ahmed, Guillermo Azumendi, Lara Spalldi-Barisic
The early embryonic development is characterized by the immobility of an embryo. Most types of movement pattern emerge between 7 and 15 weeks of gestation. From the 15th week onward, distinct patterns can be seen (6). These movements remain present during the entire intrauterine development. Just discernible movements were found between 7 and 8 weeks of gestation by de Vries and coworkers (7). They reported not only how to describe a particular movement, but also how these movements were performed in terms of speed and amplitude (7,8). Goldstein and colleagues as well as other investigators found embryonic body movements between 8 and 9 weeks of gestation by 2D transvaginal sonography (7,9–11). First spontaneous fetal movements were described as consisted of slow flexion and extension of fetal trunk accompanied by the displacement of arms and legs and appearing in irregular sequences that were described as “vermicular” (12). The earliest signs of fetal motility coincide with the occurrence of first synapses, around the seventh postconceptional week and with the earliest electrical activity and transmission of information.
Deep learning using bulk RNA-seq data expands cell landscape identification in tumor microenvironment
Published in OncoImmunology, 2022
Xin Wang, Hongjiu Wang, Dan Liu, Na Wang, Danni He, Zheyu Wu, Xu Zhu, Xiaoling Wen, Xuhua Li, Jin Li, Zhenzhen Wang
It can be seen that the overall trend of those cells abundance increases gradually from 4 to 14 weeks of pregnancy, and the cell abundance remains relatively high level after 14 weeks [Figure 3e, Supplementary table 2]. By the second and third months of embryonic development, the primordia of almost all organs have basically been formed. This is followed by the internal cell proliferation and increase in volume. This phenomenon may be related to the cells maintaining a high level and active state after 14 weeks. These cells play an important role in the process of development and overall development. These breakthroughs span several stages of development, which is consistent with previous research.20,21 The above result shows that DCNet can not only predict the cell abundance of the common immune cells mentioned above but also quantify the cell abundance of other cell types.
MOS mutation causes female infertility with large polar body oocytes
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Guangzhong Jiao, Huayu Lian, Jinhao Xing, Lili Chen, Zhaoli Du, Xiaoyan Liu
Twelve oocytes were retrieved by TV-USG guided aspiration. After 4 h, granule cells were removed and only three oocytes were with two normal polar bodies (Figure 1A). There were five oocytes with large polar bodies (Figure 1C,E) and one was at the metaphase-II stage and the remaining three oocytes were immature. The following day, three oocytes showed normal fertilization with two pronuclei (2PN, Figure 1B). All five large polar bodies oocytes showed abnormal fertilization, three of which were fertilized with one pronuclei (1PN, Figure 1D), two of which had already undergone cleavage (Figure 1F). All embryos were with unequal-sized blastomeres and many fragments on day 3. Five embryos were cultured until day 6, with no blastocysts formed. In the second cycle, eight oocytes were retrieved and the patient had a similar phenotype that six oocytes with large polar bodies apart from one 2pb oocyte and one immature oocyte. In the third cycle, three of the five oocytes had large polar bodies. Both cycles of embryonic development were similar to the first cycle, ultimately without blastocyst formation. The oocytes and embryos outcomes in all the three in vitro fertilization (IVF)/ICSI attempts for the patient were shown in Table 1.
Spectrum and tissue distribution of RB1 pathogenic alleles in mosaic retinoblastoma patients
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2022
Yan Zhang, Wen-Bin Wei, Junyang Zhao, Xiaolin Xu, Fufeng Wang
NGS addresses both the challenges of sensitivity and coverage. It detects low-level mosaicism and determines the tissue distribution of RB1 pathogenic alleles in mosaic retinoblastoma patients. Mosaic RB1 variants are characterized by “null” pathogenic alleles; mosaic high-penetrant RB1 variants displayed reduced expressivity. All five mosaic participants carried early-embryonic mosaic pathogenic alleles and had significantly higher VAF in blood than in other tissues. We observed coherent but uneven, bilateral asymmetrical distribution of mutant cells across various tissues. Our understanding of mosaic RB1 variant alleles has implications for genetic counseling. The knowledge of early embryonic development and somatic pathogenic alleles is limited because of the technical and ethical obstacles to obtaining relevant cells from early embryos. Further study with larger sample size may reveal the underlying distribution patterns of mutant cells. This could provide information to enhance our knowledge of embryonic development.