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Comparison of Healing Effect of DMSP in Green Sea Algae and Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Various Inflammatory Disorders
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Embryonic mesenchymal stem cells (EB-MSCs) prepared from mouse embryo are pluripotent stem cells (Evans & Kaufman, 1981) which can develop to ectodermal- (i.e. skin epithelial and dermis cells, central and peripheral nerve cells, etc.), endodermal (digestive tract, lung, pancreas, liver, etc.), mesodermal (heart and kidney cells, skeletal muscle cells, etc.) lineage cells, and neural crest (glial cells, peripheral neuronal cells) eventually give rise to all of animal’s tissues and organs through the process of organogenesis. However, the transplantation of EB-MSCs into the mouse possibly causes the occurrence of teratoma and tumor (Evans & Kaufman, 1981; Knoepfler, 2009; Stacheischeid et al., 2013). Moreover, as for the artificial preparation and clinical employment of the primordia of life, EB-MSCs have a significant ethical problem for animals, in particular humans, and the healing effect of DMSP and EB-MSCs was not compared here.
Next Generation Tissue Engineering Strategies by Combination of Organoid Formation and 3D Bioprinting
Published in Naznin Sultana, Sanchita Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh, Chin Fhong Soon, Tissue Engineering Strategies for Organ Regeneration, 2020
Shikha Chawla, Juhi Chakraborty, Sourabh Ghosh
Organogenesis, during embryonic stage, is governed by a constellation of complex processes, involving cell-cell and cell-matrix protein interactions, cell migration, regulation of large number of signaling molecules and signaling pathways. Progenitor cells differentiate to specific phenotypes, and produce organ specific ECM. At the same time, according to the embryonic developmental plan and anatomical architecture, concerted cellular self-assembly leads to formation of the “organ germ”. These rudimentary organ germs then undergo organ-specific morphogenesis to meet the requirements of biological as well as mechanical functionality (Sasai 2013, Sasai et al. 2012). Since past few decades, tissue engineers have tried to recapitulate these complex developmental biology signaling cascades and morphogenesis by combining progenitor cells or primary cells, various polymeric scaffolds, and bioactive molecules or growth factors by using tissue engineering techniques in vitro. But in the past decades, very few tissue engineered constructs could achieve desired level of success in human clinical trials.
The fetal period
Published in Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, 2019
During much of the twentieth century, researchers extensively used cell culture in biomedical research. Additionally, tissue, organ, and embryo culture were also used. The formation of an organ during development is called organogenesis. A certain amount of organogenesis could occur in culture; for example, the development of mouse tooth germs (embryonic mouse teeth) would undergo a certain amount of organogenesis in vitro (i.e., in culture); however, organ culture was limited by size restrictions related to the rate of diffusion of nutrients into the volume of the organ or organ fragments. Embryo cultures, especially of mouse embryos, were limited to early development because mammalian embryos must at some point implant into a uterus, so although these embryo cultures provided good insight into early mammalian development, development beyond the blastocyst stage would be hidden from view. Cell and tissue cultures for most of the twentieth century were generally two-dimensional (2D) cultures (see Figure 9.9), as the cells or tissues grew as a flat layer on their glass, or, increasingly, plastic, substratum. A relatively recent innovation involves the use of 3D cultures (see Figure 9.10). This is a more natural environment for the cultures, as cells grow in vivo (i.e., within the organism) in three dimensions.
Zooming in on the endometrial factor of recurrent implantation failure
Published in Human Fertility, 2022
Chibuzor Ifenatuoha, Babatunde Okewale
The Müllerian ducts are paired structures formed during embryonic development that give rise to the uterus, Fallopian tubes, uterine cervix, and the anterior part of the vagina (Robboy et al., 2017). Typically, the formation of the Müllerian duct takes in three phases, which are: (i) organogenesis (when the ducts are formed); (ii) fusion (when the ducts fuse to form the uterus); and (iii) septal resorption (when the central septum is finally resorbed after the fusion of the ducts). Any anomaly that would result in the failure of completion of the organogenesis phase may result in uterine agenesis, hypoplasia, or a unicornuate uterus. Similarly, the failure in completion of the fusion and septal resorption phases will result in a bicornuate or didephys uterus and a septate or arcuate uterus respectively (Chandler et al., 2009). It was estimated that about 3.8 to 9.6% of the general population have abnormal uterine formation (Santamaria et al., 2018). Mutation in the homeobox genes (HOXA10 and HOXA11) are said to be responsible for Mullerian duct malformation. The homeobox gene family is commonly responsible for the regulation of the Müllerian duct formation. In addition, the HOXA10 and HOXA11 are said to also play a role in endometrial development and preparing the endometrium for implantation (Coughlan et al., 2014).
The effect of gemcitabine combined with AMD3100 applying to cholangiocarcinoma RBE cell lines to CXCR4/CXCL12 axis
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2021
Li Xing, Hai-Tao Lv, San-Guang Liu, Wen-Bin Wang, Teng-Fei Zhang, Jian-Hua Liu, Wei Bian
Cholangiocarcinoma is a rare malignant tumor originating from biliary epithelium, which can be classified into two major categories, based on their anatomic location, Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and Ductal cholangiocarcinoma [1,2]. Despite current treatment strategies have been developed, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and liver transplantation, the 5-year survival rate remains low [3,4]. Moreover, for advanced cholangiocarcinoma, palliative chemotherapy with cisplatin and gemcitabine results in a median survival rate of 1 year [5]. Chemokines are chemoattracting proteins, which bind to their respective receptors and thereby activate them. Chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a CXCR, which specifically binds to chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12). First identified on leukocytes, CXCR4 is expressed by several different cell types [6]. It is important in organogenesis, and in tissue repair and regeneration in adults. Additionally, the expression of CXCR4 was identified in hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic tissue-committed stem cells [7,8].
Advances in understanding vertebrate nephrogenesis
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2020
Joseph M. Chambers, Rebecca A. Wingert
Vertebrate development entails the formation of three germ layers, the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, which provide cellular blueprints for embryonic organogenesis. Ectoderm gives rise to the central nervous system and skin cells, and endoderm derivatives encompass cells that line the respiratory and digestive tracts. The mesoderm, or middle layer, produces cells that are most abundant in the human body constituting skeletal muscle, cartilage, heart, gonads, and blood, among other tissue types.1 This review will focus on a member of the mesoderm lineage: the kidney. Much of our understanding about kidney development stems from rodent models, but also has benefited from studies in other vertebrates such as fish, frogs, and birds.2The inception of mesoderm development begins with the differentiation of pluripotent epiblast cells into a transient ‘primitive streak’ zone.1Position along the anterior-posterior embryonic axis and other instructive signals regulate the regionalization of paraxial, intermediate, and lateral plate mesoderm.3