China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Fetal Development and Maternal Diet
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract initially begins as a simple tubular structure that forms in the fourth week of gestation and quickly polarizes along the anterior-posterior axis. Continued cellular division results in the formation of the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm layers, from which the primary components of the GI tract arise. Endoderm gives rise to the epithelial cells, which further differentiate to encompass all the cell types necessary for digestion and absorption. The mesoderm gives rise to the cells of the muscular layers and the lamina propria, and includes smooth muscle, vascular, and lymphatic contributions. The ectoderm gives rise to migrating neural crest cells, from which the enteric nervous system develops.
Biotensegrity
Published in Sahar Swidan, Matthew Bennett, Advanced Therapeutics in Pain Medicine, 2020
Prior to the first FRC in 2008, Langevin proposed that fascia could act as a body-wide signaling mechanism through three possible mechanisms: electrical, cellular, and tissue remodeling.17 Tensegrity theory would take this signaling function a step further, arguing that the body-wide signaling is inherent to the structure itself. All of the tissues of the musculoskeletal system derive from mesoderm. The embryologic fascia develops before the other tissues and becomes the context for development of muscles, bones, ligaments, and tendons.18 Thus, all of these “separate tissues” derive from a continuity. If the tension in the mesokinetic system (a term from Levin and Scarr6) is continuous, a physical stress to the structure instantly changes the shape of the entire structure. Thus, the stress is communicated through the entire structure instantaneously. If there has been injury with loss of pre-stress in the past (i.e., an injury without full repair of the fascial structure), the instantaneous communication would be altered at the area of injury and the body would adjust its shape to reestablish communication. How can this theory be applied clinically?
De Fabrica Humani Corporis—Fascia as the Fabric of the Body
Published in David Lesondak, Angeli Maun Akey, Fascia, Function, and Medical Applications, 2020
In embryology the question “Where does it comes from?” usually leads to the so-called germ layers.18 In human development these three germ layers appear in approximately the third week after conception.19 In common embryology germ layers are regarded as morphological organ-forming units from which the various tissues and organs develop, resulting in a functioning organism. In most textbooks the three primary germ layers are referred to as ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm (sometimes mentioned as ectoblast (or epiblast), mesoblast, and endoblast (or hypoblast).
Paracondylar process combined with persistent first intersegmental vertebral artery: an anatomic case report and literature review
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2023
Haigui Yang, Xiaofei Bai, Xiaoli Huan, Tingzhong Wang
The CVJ is an embryologically unstable and ‘ontogenetically restless’ zone. Thus congenital anomalies of mesodermal origin are frequently coexisting at the CVJ. The occipitalized atlas and the PCP are both mesodermal anomalies, which coexist in this case. The previous PFIA reports were mainly based on catheter angiogram or CT angiography without demonstrating the renal artery. The previous anatomic reports of PCP only demonstrated the osseous adjacent structure.22,31,32 We demonstrated the PFIA and the PCP in a perfused cadaveric head. The real PFIA and the soft tissue around PCP such as VA, jugular bulb, facial nerve, and rectus capitis lateralis are all well demonstrated. This anatomic display is beneficial for better understanding of these two rare variations. From a neurosurgical point of view, the PFIA and the PCP hinder the implementation of far lateral approach. The PFIA may be a puzzling problem during skull base surgeries such as vascular bypass involving V3 or mobilization of VA from the dural entrance to treat a foramen magnum lesion. The PCP is an obstacle in the way to the extradural jugular foramen through a paracondylar far lateral approach. The PCP may diminish the rectus capitis lateralis which serves as an important surgical landmark of the jugular bulb. The misidentification of the landmark may result in disorientation and iatrogenic injury to VA, jugular bulb, or facial nerve. Therefore, preoperative recognition of the two rare variations is essential to a safe far lateral approach.
Role of curcumin and its nanoformulations in the treatment of neurological diseases through the effects on stem cells
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2023
Nasim Sabouni, Hadi Zare Marzouni, Sepideh Palizban, Sepideh Meidaninikjeh, Prashant Kesharwani, Tannaz Jamialahmadi, Amirhossein Sahebkar
Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells. They can to differentiate into all derivatives of the three lineages: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. Their excellent ability to generate partially all types of somatic cells of the adult body, such as neuronal cells, has made ESC a hopeful agent to ameliorate neurological injuries through stem cell therapy [15]. It has been demonstrated that low doses of curcumin induce the differentiation of embryonic stem cells by adjusting the nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway [190]. Moreover, in a study considering the effects of chemopreventive agents on the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells, it was found that curcumin significantly enhanced the differentiation of ESCs towards ectodermal lineages. Indeed, it could increase the expression of ectodermal transcripts at 0.4 µM [191].
Proteomic study of mesothelial and endothelial cross-talk: key lessons
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2022
Juan Manuel Sacnun, Rebecca Herzog, Klaus Kratochwill
Mesothelial cells (MCs) represent the uppermost cell layer lining the peritoneum, pleura, and pericardium, thus the ones exposed to luminal fluids such as peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluids, intraperitoneal chemotherapeutic agents, and ascites. MCs are derived from the mesoderm presenting both epithelial and mesenchymal characteristics. They form a monolayer, the mesothelium, serving as lubricated protective barrier for intraperitoneal and thoracic organs [1–3]. However, the mesothelium has a wide range of functions including cytokine production, transport, inflammation mediation, and coagulation [4–16]. In research focusing on (non-mesothelioma) mesothelium, different cells are used ranging from immortalized human pleural (MeT-5A) and peritoneal (HMRSV5) cell lines to primary MC isolated from omentum, effluent, pericardial, or pleural tissue from humans or animals.