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Gene Therapy in Oral Tissue Regeneration
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Fernando Suaste, Patricia González-Alva, Alejandro Luis, Osmar Alejandro
Cell therapy has been constituted as a base strategy for the reconstmction of the tissues of the oral cavity, due to the cellular plasticity that progenitor cells possess to differentiate to multiple cellular lineages. Within the oral cavity, different types of mesenchymal cells have been isolated: Dental Pulp stem Cells (DPSCs), Stem cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous teeth (SHED), Stem Cells from Apical Papilla (SCAP), Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells (PDLSCs), Dental Follicle Progenitor Cells (DFPCs) and Gingiva-derived Mesenchymal Stem/stromal Cells (GMSCs) (Botelho et al. 2017).
De Fabrica Humani Corporis—Fascia as the Fabric of the Body
Published in David Lesondak, Angeli Maun Akey, Fascia, Function, and Medical Applications, 2020
Mesenchyme is associated in the embryo with the formation of blood and blood vessels. Contrary to popular belief, blood is a tissue and not a fluid. Blood is categorized in many histology textbooks as supportive or connective tissue. The primary manifestation of blood is mesenchyme (via the formation of blood islands and blood strands) in which capillary vessels are formed. The capillaries transport “liquid tissue”—i.e., blood cells. The vast network of capillaries (estimates vary from 60 to 90,000 km) likewise creates what is typical of connective tissue—the blood connect the organs and create space between them in a dynamic, physiological way.
The Many Faces of Neoplasia
Published in Jeremy R. Jass, Understanding Pathology, 2020
The term sarcoma refers to a cancer arising from mesenchymal tissue. The prototypic mesenchymal derivative is connective tissue, the supporting layer that underlies epithelia and surrounds ducts. This kind of connective tissue (or stroma) has a loose texture because the cells (fibroblasts) are widely scattered in a mucoid matrix that includes collagen fibres that are secreted by the fibroblasts. Cancers arising in such tissue may be termed fibrosarcomas and are characterised by the presence of collagen fibres. However, the term connective tissue can be broadened to encompass more specialised types of tissue of mesenchymal origin, including muscle, fat and bone. It is very unusual for adult skeletal muscle to become malignant, but the smooth muscle found in the gut, walls of blood vessels or uterus (over which we have no voluntary control) may give rise to cancers. Cancers of smooth muscle, fat and bone are called leiomyosarcomas, liposarcomas and osteosarcomas respectively. The benign equivalents are leiomyomas, lipomas and osteomas (Table 7). Many sarcomas are white and soft on sectioning, rather like the flesh of fish.
Synchronous Hepatoblastoma and Neuroblastoma in Two Chinese Infants
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2023
Bo Shao, Yi-zhen Wang, Yuan Fang, Jing Chu, Lian Chen, Le-Jian He
In the case series, the maximum diameter of HBL was 6.0 cm to 11.0 cm, and the maximum diameter of NBL was 1.0 cm to 3.6 cm. Histologically, two cases of HBL were epithelial, with a mixture of embryonic and fetal components. There were two mixed epithelial–mesenchymal subtypes containing primitive mesenchyme, osteoid matrix, and/or squamous cells. All NBLs were schwannian stroma—poor, poorly differentiated subtype. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells of HBL were positive for CK-L, CAM5.2, AFP, Glypican-3, Hep-par-1, and β-catenin. The tumor cells of NBL were positive for neuroendocrine markers such as NSE, Syn, CgA, PGP9.5, and TH. All the four coexistence of HBL and NBL had similar immunophenotypes. In clinical practice, the first step in the diagnosis of synchronous tumors was to distinguish them from metastases. HBL mediastinal or adrenal metastasis or NBL hepatic metastasis should be ruled out in the patients. For the adrenal and mediastinum lesions, the elevated VMA and HVA levels, histologic features of NBL, and positive NBL markers did not support metastatic HBL. For the liver lesions, the elevated AFP level, histologic features of HBL, and positive HBL markers did not support metastatic NBL. HBL with teratoid features could contain elements with neuroepithelial differentiation including very primitive components that may have an overlapping immunophenotype with NBL. To distinguish synchronous embryonal tumors from HBL with teratoid features, extensive and comprehensive evaluation of the primary HBL specimen aided the decision that this was not a HBL with teratoid features.
Stem cell therapy for salivary gland regeneration after radiation injury
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2023
Akshaya Upadhyay, Simon D Tran
Given the complexity of radiation damage and its repair process, it is a prerequisite to understand the mechanisms involved in regeneration since stem cell action can be multifactorial. Developmental processes can give valuable cues and help identify regenerative cellular and molecular targets. Careful studies over the years have been instrumental in deciphering these mechanisms for the three principal components of SGs, namely the mesenchyme, the ductal, and acinar system using in vivo [3], ex vivo [4], as well as organoid models [5] (Table 1). An elaborate discussion can be found in work by Chibly et al. [6]. We can conclude that while the epithelial structures (acinar and ductal system) are mainly involved in the gland’s functioning, the mesenchyme has an indispensable role in its physio-pathological response. Therefore, mesenchyme-specific genes and proteins become an essential toolkit in regenerative medicine, adjuvant to epithelial-specific factors. Various supporting cells like vascular, neural, or immune-specific cells and related pathways are also recognized to play a developmental and reparative role in SGs.
Cross talk between exosomes and pancreatic β-cells in diabetes
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Mesenchymal stem cells are a type of pluripotent stem cells that have the potential for proliferation and renewal and multi-directional differentiation (Phinney and Pittenger 2017). MSCs have shown excellent therapeutic potential in a variety of animal disease models. Previously, it was thought that the strong tissue repair ability of stem cells came from its differentiation ability (Squillaro et al.2016). However, recent studies have found that the process of repairing tissues is achieved through paracrine actions, and exosomes are one of the main factors of paracrine signalling (S. Zhang et al.2018). Analysis of MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-exo) in animal inflammation models shows that MSC-exos have immunoregulatory and tissue repair functions (Lai et al.2010, Lee et al.2013, Doeppner et al.2015).