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Comparative Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry of Mammalian Skin
Published in David W. Hobson, Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
The connective tissue fibers and cellular components of the dermis are embedded in an amorphous matrix, the ground substance. Proteoglycans are a major component of the ground substance. Various types of proteoglycans are found in the ground substance of skin; hyaluronate, dermatan sulfate (chondroitin sulfate B), and chondroitin sulfate A and C.208 The ground substance also contains substances from the blood such as water, sugars, proteins, urea and inorganic ions, metabolic products of the parenchymal cells, and metabolic products from the connective tissue cells. One study has shown that dermal fibroblasts grown in vitro synthesized some components of the ground substance.199
Introduction and Review of Biological Background
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Some authors differentiate certain connective tissue as elastic. The ligamenta flava that connect vertebrae, vocal cords, some parts of trachea and bronchi, and aortic walls are the main sites of elastic tissue. As their name implies, elastic connective tissues provide stretching ability with durability and resistance to tearing. They are associated with body structures that are undergoing almost constant movement. Elastic connective tissues are composed chiefly of elastin, produced by fibroblasts.
Fascial Anatomy
Published in David Lesondak, Angeli Maun Akey, Fascia, Function, and Medical Applications, 2020
The fibers provide the mechanical properties of the connective tissue. The fibers have the power to transfer force generated by muscle cells, and they seem to get stronger and thicker when tensional stress is applied.12,13 There are two types of fibers in connective tissue: collagen fibers and elastic fibers. Collagen is the main structural protein in the connective tissue. The name collagen comes from the Greek κόλλα (kólla), meaning “glue”, and the suffix -γέν, -gen, denoting “producing”. A collagen fiber’s lifespan varies depending on its collagen types. To describe the length of the life of a collagen fiber, researchers use the term “turnover time” to indicate a biogeochemical cycle. It is a measure of how long it takes to fill or empty a particular nutrient reservoir. The human collagen turnover time has been estimated from 300 to 500 days. In animal studies, the rate differs. For instance, rat collagen fibers turnover time varies even more: intestine 20 days, liver 30 days, muscles 50 days, tendon 110 days.14 The metabolism of the rat is much faster than the human (estimated seven to ten times), therefore those findings are not comparable to human subjects.15
Urothelium removal does not impact mucosal activity in response to muscarinic or adrenergic receptor stimulation
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2023
Christian Moro, Charlotte Phelps
A diverse collection of cells also resides within the lamina propria, which may induce the contractile activity of this layer. These include connective tissue, blood vessels, and afferent nerve fibers, as well as a range of cells types which include interstitial cells and fibroblasts.35 Additionally, a variety of immune cells are present in the lamina propria, such as mast cells and dendritic cells.36,37 Within this layer, the interstitial cells most likely mediate contractile activity and the responses to receptor activation. It is understood that these cells have the ability to contract and hold close associations with the calcium transients and spontaneous activity.26 Interstitial cells have also previously been suggested as the cell type mediating urothelial/lamina propria contractions in response to neurokinin-A.38 Therefore, it appears from past research that the interstitial cells are likely modulators for the observed responses demonstrated in strips of urothelium-removed lamina propria.
Preparation, thermal response mechanisms and biomedical applications of thermosensitive hydrogels for drug delivery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Jinlong Luo, Xin Zhao, Baolin Guo, Yong Han
Cartilage is a connective tissue with a supporting role. There are no blood vessels and lymphatic vessels in the cartilage, and the nutrients penetrate into the intercellular matrix from the blood vessels in the perichondrium to nourish the bone cells. Cartilage tissue is poorly regenerative because it is nonvascular and its progenitor cells have limited ability to migrate, proliferate, and produce matrix [212,219]. Tissue engineering is an effective method to promote cartilage regeneration. Dorsa Dehghan-Baniani et al. prepared a thermosensitive hydrogel with enhanced mechanical properties by mixing N-(β-maleimidepropoxy)succinimide ester (BMPS) modified chitosan with β-glycerophosphate (β-GP) as tissue engineering scaffold to stimulate selective differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocytes through in situ release of KGN. The researchers demonstrated the promise of this thermosensitive hydrogel for cartilage tissue engineering by characterizing the enhanced hydrogel shear modulus, injectability, gel behavior, long-term drug release, and in vitro results (Figure 14) [60]. Furthermore, cartilage tissue engineering provides a prospective strategy for articular cartilage regeneration by combining seeded cells with thermosensitive hydrogel scaffolds [219].
Anatomic variations of the human falx cerebelli and its association with occipital venous sinuses
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2021
Safiye Çavdar, Bilgehan Solmaz, Özgül Taniş, Orhan Ulas Guler, Hakkı Dalçık, Evren Aydoğmuş, Leyla Altunkaya, Erdoğan Kara, Hızır Aslıyüksek
Falx cerebelli, is composed of fibroelastic, dense irregular connective tissue. The connective tissue consisted of cells predominantly of fibroblast which produced the ground substance and collagen fibers. Additionally, the connective tissue contained sensory nerve endings and blood vessels. The arterioles were composed of 1–2 layers of smooth muscle cells in the tunica media and the venules were composed of a single layer of endothelium with many erythrocytes in their lumens (Figure 10a). Furthermore, a large number of lymphatic vessels appeared to be undulated with a single layer of endothelium and a subendothelial layer (Figure 10b). Extravagated lymphocytes surrounding the lymphatic vessels were observed (Figure 10b). Near the vessels, a peripheral nerve characteristically formed a round bundle of nerve processes surrounded by connective tissue sheath perineurium was detected (Figure 10a).