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Introduction to Cancer, Conventional Therapies, and Bionano-Based Advanced Anticancer Strategies
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have been shown to either promote the growth, spread, and survival of tumors through improvement in functionality or to retard tumorigenesis via unknown mechanisms [83]. At an early stage of tumor development, CAFs can mediate a tumor-enhancing inflammation derived by interleukin-1β [84].
Cancer and exercise
Published in Adam P. Sharples, James P. Morton, Henning Wackerhage, Molecular Exercise Physiology, 2022
Tormod S. Nilsen, Pernille Hojman, Henning Wackerhage
Fibroblasts help build the scaffolding of the tumour. They secrete large amounts of collagens and other matrix proteins, which helps maintain the extracellular matrix. Many types of tumours have a stiff extracellular matrix, making them hard and difficult to penetrate, and it also makes them palpable if the tumour is not located too deep in the tissue. Delivery of nutrients and oxygen is also highly warranted in the fast-growing and metabolic active cancer cells. The capillary network of tumours, however, is often very irregular, comprising sprouting vessels, which are poor at blood perfusion. This immature capillary network thus leads to insufficient nutrients, oxygen and immune cell infiltration into the tumour, as well difficulty in the delivery of anti-cancer drugs, especially if the treatment is administered intravenously. In particular, low delivery of oxygen will lead to hypoxic areas within the tumours. These areas are known to have a higher rate of mutations, and thus a stronger drive towards making the cancer cells metastasise.
Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1
Published in Jason Kelley, Cytokines of the Lung, 2022
Barbara Sherry, Anthony Cerami
In that MIP-1α and MIP-1β are capable of mediating certain inflammatory processes, they can be considered ideal candidates for participation in normal wound healing. An experimental model of sterile wound repair, in which wound chambers were implanted subcutaneously in mice to allow for the recovery of wound fluid and recruited cells throughout the early phases of wound healing, was used to assess the degree of MIP-1 involvement. Messages for both MIP-1α and MIP-1β were expressed by a mixed population of wound inflammatory cells, and the mature proteins were detected in wound fluids as well (Fahey et al., 1990). Fibroblasts are known to play a critical role in a variety of inflammatory processes, including wound healing. Treatment of primary fibroblasts, isolated directly from wound sites and subcultured in vitro, with native doublet MIP 1, or recombinant MIP-1α, led to the induction of message for cachectin/TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 and release of the corresponding bioactive cytokines into the culture supernatant (Fahey and Sherry, unpublished observation). The effects of MIP-1 of wound-derived fibroblasts did not appear to extend to fibroblasts isolated from other sources (e.g., 3T3-L1, FS4, primary skin fibroblasts).
Effects of oxygen on the response of mitochondria to X-irradiation and reactive oxygen species-mediated fibroblast activation
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Tsutomu Shimura, Rina Totani, Hyougo Ogasawara, Keiki Inomata, Megumi Sasatani, Kenji Kamiya, Akira Ushiyama
Fibroblast activation plays an important role in tissue repair and regeneration (Diegelmann and Evans 2004; Hartupee and Mann 2016). Activated fibroblasts disappear when the healing process is complete, and dormant stromal cells are subsequently restored. However, activated fibroblasts persist for an extended period when DNA damage signaling and mitochondrial ROS-mediated oxidative stresses persist (Shimura et al. 2020). In some cases, tumor cells maintain activated fibroblasts, which can become cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) in tumor tissues (Shimura et al. 2018). We found that 5-Gy irradiation was sufficient to induce the marker of CAF, α-SMA expression, under 20% O2 conditions, whereas α-SMA expression was observed only with 10-Gy irradiation under 5% O2 conditions. Thus, radiation had strong effects on fibroblast activation in human fibroblasts cultured with 20% O2 relative to those cultured with 5% O2.
Enhanced full-thickness wound healing via Sophora gibbosa extract delivery based on a chitosan/gelatin dressing incorporating microemulsion
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Khaled Shalaby, Ehab M. Mostafa, Arafa Musa, Abd El Ghany A. Moustafa, Mohamed F. Ibrahim, Nabil K. Alruwaili, Ameeduzzafar Zafar, Mohammed Elmowafy
It was reported that α-SMA is an actin isoform that plays an important role in fibrogenesis. It can be found in smooth muscle cells, myofibroblasts, and blood vessels [39,40]. Its level is correlating with the activation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts differ from fibroblasts because of its contractile ability. Contractile properties of myofibroblast are associated with α-SMA expression and are involved in inflammation, wound healing, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis [39]. In wound healing the contraction force comes from the myofibroblast cells, which highly express α-SMA. On the other hand, global loss of α-SMA showed delayed contraction and undeveloped organization of skin wounds [41]. So we utilized immunohistochemical technique to detect the expression of α-SMA immunopositive cells during wound healing (Figure 7). As shown by brown color intensity and distribution, it is clear that the expression of α-SMA immunopositive cells in dressing treated group (Figure 7(A–D)) were higher than control group (Figure 7(E–H)) on all days of investigation (3, 7, 10 and 14). The highest expression of α-SMA immunopositive cells was detected in dressing treated group on the 10th days (Figure 7(C)).
Quercetin accelerated cutaneous wound healing in rats by modulation of different cytokines and growth factors
Published in Growth Factors, 2020
Vinay Kant, Babu Lal Jangir, Vinod Kumar, Ankit Nigam, Vikash Sharma
Macroscopically, wound healing can be evaluated by visible appearances and measurements of wound contraction. Contraction of the wounds speeds up the healing process, which takes place by the process of movement of cells from healthy skin adjacent the wound to close the denuded area and, thus, helps in decreasing the healing time by limiting the amount of granulation tissue that needs to be produced (Bae et al. 2012). Additionally, myofibroblasts, a specialized (differentiated) type of fibroblast, play a pivotal role in the wound contraction activity which starts immediately after wounding and reaches peak during 2 weeks particularly in loose skinned animals (Conrad et al. 1993). In present study, the increased wound contraction in 0.3% quercetin-treated animals (Figure 1(B)), as compared to animals of other groups, on different days supports the fast healing in 0.3% quercetin-treated rats. The 0.3% quercetin application also increased the expression of α-SMA (marker of myofibroblast) on day 7 (Figure 7) and 14 (Figures 4(E) and 7), which revealed the reason of faster contraction. Previous study has also reported that quercetin enhanced myofibroblast activity and increased epithelial cell growth (Mostafa and Ibrahem 2009).