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Anatomy of Neck and Blood Supply of Brain
Published in Sudhir K. Gupta, Forensic Pathology of Asphyxial Deaths, 2022
Lines of greatest tension in the neck are termed ‘relaxed skin tension lines’. The next layer is superficial cervical fascia, which consists of the adipose tissue and platysma. The deep cervical fascia surrounds the muscles and other structures of the neck to varying extent. The carotid sheath is a condensed part of deep fascia that encloses the structures like carotid arteries, vagus nerve and internal jugular vein. In health, the tissues within these spaces are either closely applied to each other or are filled with relatively loose connective tissue. However, they offer potential routes by which unchecked infection may spread within head and neck and between the face and the mediastinum.
Cardiac Tumours
Published in Mary N. Sheppard, Practical Cardiovascular Pathology, 2022
Histologically, the papillary fronds consist of a central core of dense connective tissue surrounded by a layer of myxoid loose connective tissue and covered by hyperplastic endothelial cells (Fig. 7.25). The layer of loose connective tissue contains dense collagen and elastic fibres as well as occasional smooth muscle cells (Fig. 7.26). The amount of elastic is variable, but usually a fine mesh work surrounds the central collagen core. Sometimes, the entire central core may consist of elastic fibres. The central core is continuous with the underlying connective tissue of the endocardium and appears to be a direct extension of the endocardium. The hyperplastic endocardial cells covering the papillary fronds merge with the endocardium. Sometimes unusually located papillary fibroelastomas can be noted on the mural endocardium, and may lead to confusion with myxoma because of the mucopolysaccharide rich loose stroma especially on frozen sectioning when the fronds collapse together to give a solid appearance to the mass.13
Physiology of the Fascia
Published in David Lesondak, Angeli Maun Akey, Fascia, Function, and Medical Applications, 2020
Elastic properties are exhibited in two ways: during active contraction of the muscle and passively, when mechanical loading is applied. Tendons, ligaments, and deep fascia contain different percentages of elastin (primarily responsible for elastic capacity) and other elements that determine the tissue’s overall elasticity. In addition to elasticity, other factors contribute to the capacity for movement. There is tissue shearing between contiguous tissues, and the different levels of elastic potential in these tissues. The loose connective tissue provides a gliding interface between layers of dense connective tissue that allows structures to move relative to one another. The lubricant capacity of the loose connective tissue between fascial layers allows the deep aponeurotic fascia to adapt to different tensions, thus allowing changes in the direction of the collagen fibers in the different layers. This elastic adaptability is important for energy storage and fascial recoil.
A high incidence of extensor pollicis brevis insertion into the distal phalanx in rheumatoid arthritis patients who required the surgical reconstruction for thumb boutonnière deformity
Published in Modern Rheumatology, 2019
Shunji Okita, Keiichiro Nishida, Aiji Ohtsuka, Toshifumi Ozaki
Several studies have described the anatomy of the dorsal fibrous complex of the MCP joint of the thumb [17–19]. Bade et al. [17], in a microscopic study, reported that the dorsal connective tissue of the thumb forms different layers of collagen lamella as a peritendinous system around EPL and EPB. Hunter-Smith et al. [18] described the dorsal triangular fibrocartilage of the MCP joint filling the dorsal space between the proximal phalanx and the metacarpal head to stabilize and match the congruity of the joint. Joshi et al. [19] described loose connective tissue connections between the dorsal triangular fibrocartilage and the extensor tendon. Our histological findings support these studies, and we found the dorsal fibrous complex of the MCP joint of the thumb was mainly composed of three layers: the extensor hood, the tendon, and the fibrous capsule integrated with the dorsal fibrocartilage in the vertical plane. Thus, in this study, we classified the insertion pattern of EPB into three Types; P1, P2, and D.
Anatomical structure, and expression of CCL4 and CCL13-like during the development of maxillary barbel in Paramisgurnus dabryanus
Published in Organogenesis, 2019
Kianann Tan, Ruijing Geng, Zhiqiang Wang, Han Liu, Weimin Wang
The maxillary barbels of adult P. dabryanus were stained by Masson trichrome and cut into longitudinal and transverse sections, respectively. Through histological observation of maxillary barbels (transverse section), we found that the components building up the barbels are taste buds, blood vessels, a nerve bundle, collagen fiber, epithelium, loose connective tissue, pigment cells, cartilage rod, muscle fibers, and goblet cells (Fig. 2). The outer layer is a thick layer of epithelium, dense in taste buds and goblet cells. The inside layer of the epithelium is a dermis layer and has a dense layer of collagen fiber, few blood vessels, and few nerve bundles. In the dermis layer, some pigment cells such as melanocytes can be found. The cartilage rod (or ‘central rod’) is located in the central region of the barbels. The cartilage rod is covered in a thick layer of loose connective tissue. The outside layer of loose connective tissue is a dense layer of muscle fiber. From histological observation, we can see P. dabryanus has a vast number of nerve bundles in the barbels, and muscle fiber is surrounded by a layer of nerve bundles.
Sclerosis as a predictive factor for failure after bulbar urethroplasty: a prospective single-centre study
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Urology, 2018
Teresa Olsen Ekerhult, Klas Lindqvist, Lars Grenabo, Christina Kåbjörn Gustafsson, Ralph Peeker
Mild fibrosis (grade I) in the urethra was defined as loose connective tissue with small subepithelial areas that contained higher levels of collagen and fibroblasts but did not display a thickening of the wall (Figure 3A). Moderate fibrosis (grade II) displayed wider areas with subepithelial collagen. Loose connective tissue could be seen in the spongiosum and the fibrosis extended deeper into the wall of the urethra (Figure 3B). In severe fibrosis (grade III), loose vascular subepithelial tissue was lacking. More widespread and more deeply extending fibrosis was also noted, as well as a thickening of the wall of the urethra. Sclerosis, which is a thickening and hardening of the fibrosis and has a typical appearance histologically, was found in grade III fibrosis (Figure 3C).