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The Origins of Endometriosis
Published in Nazar N. Amso, Saikat Banerjee, Endometriosis, 2022
Initially there are two embryonic germ layers, the ectoderm, which is destined to form the brain, and the endoderm, which is destined to form the lining of the alimentary canal. Endometriosis is an abnormality of the mesoderm. All described locations of endometriosis are of mesodermal origin. Muscles are mesoderm wherever they occur, including in the walls of cerebral vessels, which explains a mesodermal disease in an ectodermal organ.
De Fabrica Humani Corporis—Fascia as the Fabric of the Body
Published in David Lesondak, Angeli Maun Akey, Fascia, Function, and Medical Applications, 2020
In embryology the question “Where does it comes from?” usually leads to the so-called germ layers.18 In human development these three germ layers appear in approximately the third week after conception.19 In common embryology germ layers are regarded as morphological organ-forming units from which the various tissues and organs develop, resulting in a functioning organism. In most textbooks the three primary germ layers are referred to as ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm (sometimes mentioned as ectoblast (or epiblast), mesoblast, and endoblast (or hypoblast).
The Many Faces of Neoplasia
Published in Jeremy R. Jass, Understanding Pathology, 2020
Finally, it should be recalled that whilst mesoderm is associated with the various connective tissues of the body, a number of glandular organs or tissues are derived from this germ layer, for example the kidneys, the endometrial lining of the uterus and the mesothelium of serous membranes. Therefore it is only to be expected that neoplastic mesoderm should be capable of bidirectional differentiation to form both epithelial and connective tissues. Carcinomas of ectodermal or endodermal origin may rarely contain sarcomatous-appearing (malignant connective tissue) elements and have been described as carcinosarcomas. However, the behaviour of these tumours generally fits with the underlying carcinoma and not with the sarcomatous component.
Stiffness estimation of transversely anisotropic materials using a novel indentation tester with a rectangular hole
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Atsutaka Tamura, Mika Saiki, Jun-ichi Hongu, Takeo Matsumoto
Gastrulation is an essential step in the development of most animals. This process is fundamental to vertebrate animals, and it is the early developmental stage in which a single layer of cells gives rise to multiple germ layers, enabling the differentiation of the internal tissues of the body (Gilbert 2014; Urry et al. 2016); in other words, the body plan of the animal embryo is shaped through the process of gastrulation. In mammals, a cascade of morphogenesis-related molecular events, e.g. polarization, intercalation, and intercellular adhesion, occurs in specific embryonic territories although knowledge about how the territories grow physically and remodel has remained elusive. Thus, characterization of the early developmental process during gastrulation is important to accurately describe the precise timing of cell-type specification.
Differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into neurons induced by bone morphogenetic protein 7 in vitro
Published in Neurological Research, 2023
Heng Zhang, Lei Gao, Wen Zhang, Kuanxin Li
BMSCs are the current research focus in stem cell transplantation of SCI. It has the potential to differentiate into neural cells across the germ layer with the characteristics of no ethical controversy and easy selection. Therefore, BMSCs are ideal seed cells for stem cell transplantation of SCI. BMP-7, one of the important members of the BMPs family, is first discovered to have osteogenesis. Development is closely related to neurogenesis. For example, Chandrasekaran et al. have found that BMP-7 has a high expression level in multiple brain regions of healthy adult rats through expression profiles [15]. Xiao et al. also confirmed that BMP-7 was high expressed in brain tissues such as the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and substantia nigra in late embryonic development or adult rats [16]. Guan et al. first demonstrated that intravenous or intraventricular injection of BMP-7 protein can improve neurological function in rats with cerebral ischemia [17]. Perron et al. found that BMP-7 can promote the growth of neural dendrites [18]. Chen J et al. also found that the BMP-7 gene expression was increased after ischemic injury, suggesting that it may play a role in repairing the damaged nervous system [19]. The above researches further suggest that BMP-7 may play a neuroprotective role in the occurrence and repair of the nervous system.
Connexins in the development and physiology of stem cells
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2021
Anaclet Ngezahayo, Frederike A. Ruhe
In developing organisms, pluripotency is closed after the formation of the three germ cell layers during gastrulation, which correlates with the implantation of the embryo in the maternal endometrium. Further development is relayed to stem cells in the germ layers that produce cells solely of germ cell lineage to form different tissues and organs. These stem cells in germ layers can be considered as adult stem cells. In culture, EPSCs and iPSCs do not resume gastrulation. Cells can be primed to differentiate into specific germ layer cells as mentioned above for the primitive endoderm in embryoid bodies.121 Thereafter, the cells develop into adult somatic cells corresponding to the germ cell layer. EPSCs and iPSCs are therefore a convenient model to analyze the role of Cxs and GJIC in the development of all cell types. For the nervous system, which represents the ectodermal germ layer differently, Cxs are expressed in NSCs as discussed above.