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Cardiac Tumours
Published in Mary N. Sheppard, Practical Cardiovascular Pathology, 2022
This is a unique cardiac tumour situated in the AV node region. It is considered a congenital lesion of endodermal origin.15 It has been called endodermal heterotopia of the atrioventricular node and is one of the smallest tumours to cause sudden death by involvement of the conduction system. Most are single-case reports of sudden death and the largest series, a study of 17 cases, highlights its role in infiltrating and destroying the AV node.8
Fetal Development and Maternal Diet
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract initially begins as a simple tubular structure that forms in the fourth week of gestation and quickly polarizes along the anterior-posterior axis. Continued cellular division results in the formation of the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm layers, from which the primary components of the GI tract arise. Endoderm gives rise to the epithelial cells, which further differentiate to encompass all the cell types necessary for digestion and absorption. The mesoderm gives rise to the cells of the muscular layers and the lamina propria, and includes smooth muscle, vascular, and lymphatic contributions. The ectoderm gives rise to migrating neural crest cells, from which the enteric nervous system develops.
A Functional Approach to Gynecologic Pain
Published in Sahar Swidan, Matthew Bennett, Advanced Therapeutics in Pain Medicine, 2020
Aside from these physiologic cysts, cystic structures in the ovary can also be neoplastic. The most common non-physiologic cyst in women of the second and third decades is the mature cystic teratoma, or dermoid. These are nearly always benign,30 but can become quite symptomatic. The dermoid is considered a developmental cyst, and arises from all three cell lines: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. As such, it has components of each. Endodermal cells include skin, hair, and sebaceous material. Mesodermal tissue may include muscle and genitourinary cells. And ectodermal contains gastrointestinal and lung. These cysts are bilateral in 10–17% of cases,31 and morphologically most commonly present as a multi-cystic mass containing hair, teeth, and/or skin that is mixed into sebaceous, thick, sticky, and often foul-smelling material.32 They are often discovered as incidental findings on pelvic ultrasound, and small dermoids may be followed expectantly and require no intervention. Treatment is exclusively surgical, when indicated. A rapidly growing or changing mass requires exploration to rule out malignancy, and an ovary >5 cm in size must be considered at risk for torsion.
Tissue engineering approaches and generation of insulin-producing cells to treat type 1 diabetes
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2023
Mozafar Khazaei, Fatemeh Khazaei, Elham Niromand, Elham Ghanbari
The pancreas and liver develops embryonically from the endoderm appendages. Later, the liver and pancreas were separated during organogenesis; both organs had multipotent cells capable of producing both hepatic and pancreatic cell lineages. This common embryonic origin raises the interesting speculation that liver cells may convert to pancreatic Endocrine cells (ECs) (Figure 3). Previous investigations have shown that biliary epithelial cells and foetal or adult hepatocyte are able of reprogramming into IPCs by stimulating the endocrine pancreas-specific gene expression. In vivo results indicated that these hepatic cell-derived IPCs might reduce hyperglycaemia after being implanted into diabetic mice. When these livers cell-derived IPCs were implanted into diabetic mice, the in vivo results indicated that they could reduce hyperglycaemia [113–117].
Retinoic acid signaling is critical for generation of pancreatic progenitors from human embryonic stem cells
Published in Growth Factors, 2023
Niloufer P. Dumasia, Aparna P. Khanna, Prasad S. Pethe
Pancreatic endoderm (PE) was induced in monolayer culture as described previously (D'Amour et al. 2006; Pethe, Nagvenkar, and Bhartiya 2014; Dumasia et al. 2021). Details of the differentiation protocol are summarized in Supplementary Information Table S1. Differentiation was initiated when the KIND1 cells reached ∼75–80% confluency. Briefly, hESCs were rinsed with DPBS followed by culturing in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI)-1640 growth media (Sigma-Aldrich) supplemented with ITS (0.025×; Sigma-Aldrich), WNT-3A (25 ng/mL; R&D Systems), and ACTIVIN A (100 ng/mL; R&D Systems, MN, USA) for the first day. For the next 3 days, cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 with 100 ng/mL ACTIVIN A and 2% FBS (fetal bovine serum). From days 4–8, cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM)/F12 containing FGF-4 (20 ng/mL; Gibco), LDN193189 (100 nM; Sigma-Aldrich), SANT-1 (0.25 µM; Sigma-Aldrich), and 1% vol/vol B-27 supplement. From days 8 to 12, cells were cultured in DMEM/F-12 containing FGF-10 (25 ng/mL), 100 nM LDN193189, 0.25 µM SANT-1, 1% vol/vol B-27 supplement, GlutaMAX (1% vol/vol), and non-essential amino acids (1% vol/vol). During the final stage of differentiation (days 12–16), cells were cultured in DMEM/F-12 containing 25 ng/mL FGF-10, 100 nM LDN193189, all-trans RA (2 µM; Sigma-Aldrich), 1% vol/vol B-27 supplement, 1% vol/vol GlutaMAX, and 1% vol/vol non-essential amino acids.
Connexins in the development and physiology of stem cells
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2021
Anaclet Ngezahayo, Frederike A. Ruhe
In developing organisms, pluripotency is closed after the formation of the three germ cell layers during gastrulation, which correlates with the implantation of the embryo in the maternal endometrium. Further development is relayed to stem cells in the germ layers that produce cells solely of germ cell lineage to form different tissues and organs. These stem cells in germ layers can be considered as adult stem cells. In culture, EPSCs and iPSCs do not resume gastrulation. Cells can be primed to differentiate into specific germ layer cells as mentioned above for the primitive endoderm in embryoid bodies.121 Thereafter, the cells develop into adult somatic cells corresponding to the germ cell layer. EPSCs and iPSCs are therefore a convenient model to analyze the role of Cxs and GJIC in the development of all cell types. For the nervous system, which represents the ectodermal germ layer differently, Cxs are expressed in NSCs as discussed above.