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Introduction to Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
María Verónica Cuevas González, Eduardo Villarreal-Ramírez, Adriana Pérez-Soria, Pedro Alberto López Reynoso, Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez
In contrast to the predominantly fibrillar structure of collagen and elastin, proteoglycans adopt highly extended conformations that are essential for hydrogel constitution (Mouw et al. 2014). The hydrogel molecules support the high compression forces in the extracellular matrix, around the cells and interstitial matrix. As stated above, the biological function of proteoglycans derives from the biochemical and hydrodynamic properties of the GAG macromolecules, which combine chemically with water to provide hydration and compression resistance. GAG has been classified into subtypes according to the function and structure of these carbohydrate chains, as well as the distribution, density and length of these chains concerning the core protein (Iozzo and Schaefer 2015). The most common GAG chains found in the ECM are heparin sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, hyaluronan and keratin sulfate. The proteoglycans are encoded by a little less than 50 genes, besides several of them can be subject to alternative splicing, which shows the enormous variety of members of proteoglycans present in the matrix. They also have a vast range of functions such as cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, signaling, communication, morphogenesis and growth. In turn, proteoglycans also participate in angiogenesis, the inflammatory response to pathogens and injuries (Kresse and Schönherr 2001; Iozzo and Schaefer 2015). After having explained the unique features, functions and essential members of the extracellular matrix some techniques to replicate or mimic the extracellular matrix need to be shown.
Introduction to lactic acidemias
Published in William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop, Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop
We have studied a small subgroup of patients with severe deficiency of the PDHC in whom there was a recognizable syndrome of dysmorphic features (Chapter 56). A sibling had a similar clinical appearance. Our first patient appeared to be cortically blind in infancy. Another patient had gross abnormalities in the morphogenesis of the brain.
Cell structure, function and adaptation
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
More commonly, morphogenesis and embryological development are adversely affected by damage caused by infection, metabolic, dietary, or chemical action. In this situation, as would be predicted from the description of how whole groups of cells are herded to differentiate in unison, the resulting malformations are often severe, e.g. the absence of a limb or failure of an eye to develop. This process is known as teratogenesis.
The force-from-lipid principle and its origin, a ‘what is true for E. coli is true for the elephant’ refrain
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2022
Morphogenesis is also a deep problem. How is it that a lump of amorphous stem cells can develop into an intricately shaped scapula or a different intricately shaped vertebra? It seems intuitive that changing vectoral forces can direct development (Yim & Sheetz, 2012). Marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in uniform serum condition develop into neurons on soft gel, into myoblasts on stiffer gel, and into osteoblast on rigid gel (Engler, Sen, Sweeney, & Discher, 2006). Stem-cell MS channels might be involved since substrate rigidity apparently regulates their Ca++ oscillation. (Kim et al., 2009). A recent example is TMEM87a/Elkin1, which functions to regulate melanoma cell migration and cell-cell interactions by supporting a Piezo1-independent mechanoelectrical transduction pathway (Patkunarajah et al., 2020).
Isoflavones improve collagen I and glycosaminoglycans and prevent bone loss in type 1 diabetic rats
Published in Climacteric, 2020
A. A. F. Carbonel, M. C. Vieira, R. S. Simões, P. D. A. Lima, L. F. P. Fuchs, E. R. C. Girão, G. P. Cicivizzo, G. R. S. Sasso, L. O. Carvalho de Moraes, J. M. Soares Junior, E. C. Baracat, M. J. Simões, M. J. B. C. Girão
In mammals, collagen is the most abundant protein, constituting more than a third of the protein weight of the body42. About 28 types of collagen were found in vertebrates and four types of collagen were found in the bone, including CollI and collagen types III, V, and XXIV. CollI is the most prevalent in the extracellular matrix, especially in tissues such as the bone and tendons43–45. The extracellular matrix plays an important role in morphogenesis and cellular metabolism of new tissues, granting mechanical and biochemical properties43. Thus, we understand that bone is composed of the bone matrix, cells, and bioactive factors, and the bone matrix is a combination of inorganic minerals and organic polymers. The CollI fibril, composed of five chains of triple-helix collagen, is the main organic polymer of the bone matrix, playing an important role in the process of bone formation and remodeling46,47.
A computational framework to simulate bio-printed cells and extracellular matrix mechanobiochemical interactions
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
A. Douillet, C. Douillet, M. Garcia, M. Nicodem, F. Guillemot, P. Ballet
Controlled bio-fabrication of biological tissues requires the consideration of complex mechanobiochemical mechanisms involved in cell self-organization. Despite the progress in understanding the principles that underlie morphogenesis at the organ level, we have yet to understand it at the tissue ‘building block’ level: the cells. We aim to develop a computational framework to study tissue morphogenesis through a large spectrum of cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions in two or three dimensions, with a micrometer resolution. To verify our models, simulations are designed to be compared with time-lapse acquisitions of bio-printed cells and ECM. With the conjunction of computational models and bio-printing techniques, we think we can facilitate the investigation of the effects of numerous parameters (cell and ECM initial patterns, ECM remodelling, maturation medium, ECM stiffness).