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Nanotechnology in Stem Cell Regenerative Therapy and Its Applications
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Stem cells are undifferentiated, specialised cells capable of differentiating into many other diverse cells (Weissman 2000). They originate from differentiated organs and are influential in repairing organs and their injury in the post-natal and adult phases of life. Formerly, the belief was that stem cells could only differentiate into adult cells of the same types of organs and tissues. However, current studies have proof that stem cells can differentiate into other kinds of cells. The significant properties of stem cells are self-renewal, clonality, and potency. Broadly, they are classified based on their differentiation capability and origin. Numerous researchers have reported the medicinal applications of stem cells in various serious illnesses, where they can regenerate and restore tissues.
Developments of Health Care: A Brief History of Medicine
Published in P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Didier Rouxel, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas, Advanced Studies in Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2021
P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Tomy Muringayil Joseph, Józef T. Haponiuk, Didier Rouxel, S. Thomas
Stem Cell Research another innovative and active field in biomedical research. Embryonic stem cell research can lead to more efficient treatments for severe illnesses such as juvenile diabetes, Parkinson’s disease (PD), heart failure, and spinal cord injuries. Stem cells differ from other body cells because they are capable of differentiating into other types of cells/tissues. This capacity enables them to replace dead or faulty cells and has been used in patients with certain disorders or defects to replace erroneous cells/tissues [86]. In 2013, Japanese researchers at Yokohama City University succeeded in creating a functional human liver from stem cells with the incredible breakthrough [87]. Similarly, Researchers at Duke University have grown bundles of muscle fibers that twitch and respond to electrical stimuli [88].
AI and Autoimmunity
Published in Louis J. Catania, AI for Immunology, 2021
All medical treatments have benefits and risks, but unproven stem cell therapies can be particularly unsafe. The FDA will continue to help with the development and licensing of new stem cell therapies where the scientific evidence supports the product’s safety and effectiveness.52
Feasibility of minimally invasive, same-day injection of autologous adipose-derived stem cells in the treatment of erectile dysfunction
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Urology, 2023
Mikkel Fode, Naomi Nadler, Lars Lund, Nessn Azawi
Stem cells are defined as cells with the ability to self-renew and to differentiate into different specialized cell lines depending on their environment. Stem cell therapy seeks to take advantage of this ability by injecting the cells into damaged tissues in the hope of subsequent differentiation and tissue regeneration [4]. In relation to ED, preclinical studies have suggested that different kinds of mesenchymal stem cells may differentiate into endothelial and smooth muscle cells when injected into the corpora cavernosae [5,6]. Further, mesenchymal stem cells have also been found to induce regeneration of endothelium, smooth muscle, blood vessels, and damaged nerves by means of paracrine action or delivery of growth factors [7,8,9]. Subsequently, the safety and a potential effect of the treatment has been indicated in clinical pilot studies. However, even though the first such study was published more than 10 years ago, high-quality trials are still lacking [10]. Important obstacles for the application of the treatment modality include the need for donors and the risk of tissue reactions with allogeneic cells and invasiveness of the approach with most autologous preparations requiring cell harvest under full and/or preparation of cell cultures over several weeks. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate feasibility and safety of a minimally invasive same-day method of autologous adipose derived stem cell (ADSC) transplantation in men suffering from organic ED using a commercial kit named myStem® X2 (MYSTEM LLC, Wilmington, Delaware, United States).
Potential applications of mesenchymal stem cells and their derived exosomes in regenerative medicine
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2023
Maryam Adelipour, David M. Lubman, Jeongkwon Kim
The advantages in the clinical application of MSCs over other types of stem cells can be attributed to their low immunogenicity and unique immunomodulatory properties [29–31]. The risk of immune rejection is the most imminent concern regarding the use of stem cells in cell therapy. Although all types of stem cells have low expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) classes I and II, the differentiation of stem cells into more differentiated cells may cause them to lose their low immunogenicity [32]. Therefore, the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs have emerged as an important factor in cell therapy. It has been reported that MSCs can affect both innate and adaptive immunity and inhibit immune responses [33]. MSCs can exert immunomodulatory paracrine factors and direct cell-cell contact between MSCs and immune cells such as T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. MSCs can secrete some cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors such as transforming growth factor-1 (TGF-β1), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-α), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and nitric oxide (NO), which are responsible for the immunosuppressive effects of MSCs via interaction with the innate and adaptive immune systems [33].
Highly specific functional equivalence of XN-HPC for optimum CD34+ cell count in harvested allogeneic bone marrow stem cell products
Published in Hematology, 2022
Aisha Jamal, Tahir Khan, Uzma Zaidi, Quratul Ain Rizvi, Shafaq Jahanzeb, Ali Salim, Mehjabeen Imam, Tahir Shamsi
In recent years, several stem cell–based therapeutic avenues have been explored owing to the advent of stem cell research and extraordinary advances in cellular and molecular biology. Stem cells are defined by their unlimited capacity of self-renewal and ability to differentiate into various healthy specialized cells [1–3]. The term ‘stem cell’ encompasses diverse cellular origins and biological characterization. Based on their origin, stem cells are designated either as embryonic stem cells or as adult/somatic stem cells. Attributable to their distinct biological properties, embryonic stem cells exhibit pleuripotency, i.e. the ability to differentiate into all cell types, whereas adult stem cells are multipotent and demonstrate more restricted plasticity and differentiation potential [4].