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Recombinant DNA Technology and Gene Therapy Using Viruses
Published in Patricia G. Melloy, Viruses and Society, 2023
As mentioned in the introduction, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a type of stem cell made by reprogramming adult cells to behave like stem cells. Early work on iPSCs involved using a retroviral-based vector to express a set of genes that turn the clock back on the adult cell nucleus, making it behave like a stem cell present back in early development of the organism. (Alberts et al. 2019; Clarke and Frampton 2020; Kurreck and Stein 2016). Researchers are also working to use adenoviral-based vectors to make iPSCs as well (Stadtfeld et al. 2008). Stem cells are important for regenerative medicine due to their potential to form many cell types of the body, not just one specialized kind. The goal of regenerative medicine is to replace tissues that are affected by disease or worn out with age. Future research will involve further fine-tuning of the iPSC approach to see if these cells can be effectively used to treat patients. Beyond making pluripotent stem cells themselves, researchers are also developing adenoviral vectors to express certain growth factors needed in the tissue specialization process, such as to make bone, to make particular tissues for regenerative purposes (Lee et al. 2017).
Natural Products and Stem Cells and Their Commercial Aspects in Cosmetics
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Sonia Trehan, Rose Soskind, Jemima Moraes, Vinam Puri, Bozena Michniak-Kohn
The two main types of stem cells from animals and humans, that have been worked on in the recent times are embryonic and non-embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are those that are derived from a 5-day preimplantation embryo. These are pluripotent cells that can grow into cells or tissues of any of the three germ layers – ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. These can be cultured in vitro to allow proliferation without differentiation for a long time. Non-embryonic stem cells, also known as somatic or adult stem cells are found in organs and differentiated tissues, and have shown to possess limited ability to differentiate and self-renew. Another type of stem cell is induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that are somatic cells reprogrammed to assume an embryonic stem cell–like state.
Reproductive technology
Published in Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, 2019
As impressive as this technical tour de force is, there are a number of caveats. Is this achievable with humans as part of, for example, IVF? Are the mice produced by this technique genetically normal? Did the mouse spermatids produced undergo normal meiosis regarding meiotic recombination, thus avoiding increased rates of aneuploidy? Could these results be achieved starting with induced pluripotent stem cells rather than starting with embryonic stem cells, thus making the technique more acceptable for human application? (See Chapter 6, “Gametogenesis.”)
Functional role of ascorbic acid in the central nervous system: a focus on neurogenic and synaptogenic processes
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Morgana Moretti, Ana Lúcia S. Rodrigues
Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells isolated from the inner cell mass of an early-stage blastocyst [25]. Embryonic stem cells self-renew by dividing and can differentiate into specialized cells, including neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes [26]. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are pluripotent stem cells generated from adult cells by reprogramming. iPSCs have the same properties as embryonic stem cells, and therefore self-renew and can differentiate into all cell types [27]. It was reported that ascorbic acid improved the speed and efficiency of the generation of mouse and human iPSCs from somatic cells. The increase in the number of iPSCs was dependent on the reduction of p53 levels, the tumor suppressor protein that triggers apoptosis via multiple pathways [28]. In the presence of ascorbic acid, in vitro cultured cells express Jhdm1a/1b, two histone demethylases required for iPSCs production [29]. It was also reported that ascorbic acid markedly increases glial proliferation, neurite growth, and the number of tyrosine hydroxylase staining in mesencephalic cultures [30]. Collectively, these results suggest that vitamin C can regulate positively stem cell generation and proliferation.
Abnormalities of neural stem cells in Lesch–Nyhan disease
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2022
Ashok R. Dinasarapu, Diane J. Sutcliffe, Fatemeh Seifar, Jasper E. Visser, H. A. Jinnah
Most of the cell models used in prior studies have low potential for delineating abnormalities responsible for neuronal development in the human LND brain. One study addressed this limitation by studying neural stem cells from aborted LND fetuses, which also suggested an abnormality of early development (Cristini et al., 2010). More recent studies have leveraged human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for LND (Bell et al., 2021; Sutcliffe et al., 2021). These studies have shown that certain abnormalities can be detected at a very early stage in neural development, such as those relating to energy production. The purpose of the current studies was to further explore the value of an approach using neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from patient-based iPSCs for revealing potential developmental mechanisms that may be responsible for LND.
Limbal Epithelial and Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Corneal Regeneration
Published in Current Eye Research, 2020
Sachin Shukla, Swapna S Shanbhag, Fatemeh Tavakkoli, Shobhit Varma, Vivek Singh, Sayan Basu
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) belong to a diverse population of non-hematopoietic fibroblast-like cells which are plastic adherent and phenotypically defined as CD90+ CD105+ CD73+ CD29+ CD34− CD45−.77 These cells are mostly derived from the adult tissues and therefore have exceptional genetic stability and fewer ethical concerns compared to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and embryonic stem cells, respectively.78 They can repair injured tissue either by direct differentiation or by secretion of trophic factors.79 MSCs can be easily isolated from different sources including bone marrow (BM-MSCs), dental pulp (DPSCs), adipose tissue (ADSCs), and umbilical cord (UC-MSCs) and cultured in vitro due to their plastic adherence property. The MSCs induce the modulation of immune response and tissue repair through inflammatory cytokines and growth factors.79