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Extracellular Matrix: The State of the Art in Regenerative Medicine
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Gurpreet Singh, Pooja A Chawla, Abdul Faruk, Viney Chawla, Anmoldeep Kaur
There are currently four main categories of stem cells that have the clone ability and differentiate into particular types of cells.Embryonic stem cells: Derived from the initial developmental phase of few days old embryos at the blastocyst stage. It has the potential to differentiate into various cells with a distinct biological response. Such cells are known as pluripotent (Romito and Cobellis 2016).Foetal stem cells: Isolated from aborted human foetuses, especially foetal blood, foetal tissues, and also bone marrow. They have the ability to differentiate but not all cells. They are known as multipotent and have been utilised in the regeneration and repair of damaged tissues/organs (Biehl and Russell 2009).Cord blood and placental stem cells: Obtained from umbilical cord blood and placentas. They possess the therapeutic potential and used in bone-marrow replacement therapies. They are not able to differentiate into all types of cells (Weiss and Troyer 2006).Adult stem cells: They are the most abundant cells, which are used for various therapies/conditions. They are isolated from almost all human tissue and organs. They are known as “somatic stem cells” (Liras 2010).
Third Stage Of Labor
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Obstetric Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Alyssa R. Hersh, Jorge E. Tolosa
Cord blood is routinely sent for Rh status of the infant, especially in Rh-negative women. Cord blood collection for stem cells has increased in popularity in recent years. Obstetricians should support public banking of cord blood [30]. Public banking is recommended over private banks secondary to more stringent Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines, given its increased legal responsibilities, cost-effectiveness, and greater access to cord blood by the general population. The chance of a child requiring an autologous transplant from privately banked cord blood is about 1/2700. Directed donation of cord blood when there is a disease in the family amenable to stem cell transplantation can be arranged through many public banks.
The Orient
Published in Michael J. O’Dowd, The History of Medications for Women, 2020
The umbilical cord was used in divination of the number of future children from the knots on the navel-string (Omphalomancy; Greek, omphalos, navel). The cord also provided blood vessels for grafting. Recent research has revealed that the blood that remains in the cord after it has been cut, provides a rich supply of stem cells, similar to those in bone marrow. If properly ‘harvested’, the cord blood can be transplanted later in life into the person from whom it was collected, with a guaranteed perfect match, to treat a number of life-threatening diseases. Placental products are proven treatment modalities but ‘To eat, or not to eat?’, therein lies the question.
A review of modern and Vedic practices on use of umbilical cord
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Samriti Khosla, Sarika Verma, Shalika Datta, Sandeep Sharma, Rajeshwar Sharma, Harpreet Walia, Hiteshwari Sabrol, Nishi Madan, Mamta Rani, Nitin Sood, Yashbeer Singh, Vikas Kahol, Puja Rattan, Pranjal Pachpore, Sapna Sethi, Lakhmir Singh, K. K. Raina, R. S. Yadav, Sumedha Dutta, Sisir Roy, K. Parthipan, G. Saidaiah, Rajeshwar Mukherjee, M. Srilatha, Vijeye Devuni, Minoo Aggarwal
Nowadays, a new procurement method is being used where haematopoietic progenitor cells are obtained from the human umbilical cord by draining the blood out of it during or after the third stage of labour. This process is known as human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) transplant and is the only procurement method which is not subjected to any ethical issues (Jordens et al. 2012), less expensive and is not facing any disapproval from any source. It is an easily available source and stromal cells derived by this method are rich source of haematopoietic progenitor cells. This method was discovered in 1980s (Gluckman and Rocha 2005; Lopez Angel 2010; Jordens et al. 2012) and since then, these stromal cells have been explored extensively for their usefulness in curing a range of serious metabolic, malignant, immune-deficiencies and genetic conditions. Transplantation using HUCB cells is associated with a low incidence of graft-vs-host disease or has low rate of rejection (Newman et al. 2004). Thus, at present, the umbilical cord blood cells are being stored in cord blood banks for curing critical diseases of individuals (Hamdar and Abla 2016; Naithani 2016).
Mitochondrial energetics and contents evaluated by flow cytometry in human maternal and umbilical cord blood
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2020
Julie Kristine Guldberg Stryhn, Jacob Larsen, Palle Lyngsie Pedersen, Anne-Dorthe Feldthusen, Jan Kvetny, Peter Haulund Gæde
Changes by time and temperature may initiate programmed cell death. For instance, freezing causes dramatic changes of mitochondria in terms of possible disruption, evident by increased levels of citrate synthase, an enzyme normally localized only inside mitochondria [30]. This demonstrates that storage and temperature of samples may decrease viability of mitochondria, and cells. The quality of stored cord blood have been evaluated in multiple studies assessing storage up to 48–72 h in room temperature or refrigerator. The studies present conflicting results. Low volume may adversely affect viability of white blood cells, due to a higher anticoagulant-concentration in proportion to blood [31]. However, a study of 0.5 ml stored cord blood for 72 h showed changes in blood composition of a maximum of 5%, when the blood was stored in EDTA by 4 °C, but blood stored in heparin had reduced viability of white blood cells after 48 h, unless stored by room temperature [32]. Another study demonstrated refrigerated storage superior to room temperature in terms of cell-preservation [33]. We evaluated viability by fluorescence of PI.
Postnatal gestational age estimation via newborn screening analysis: application and potential
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2019
Lindsay A. Wilson, Malia SQ. Murphy, Robin Ducharme, Kathryn Denize, Nafisa M. Jadavji, Beth Potter, Julian Little, Pranesh Chakraborty, Steven Hawken, Kumanan Wilson
A total of 1,036 cord blood and 487 heel-prick samples were collected from 1,069 unique newborns. Collecting both heel-prick and cord blood samples enabled both validation of the model overall and evaluation of its relative performance in both sample types. When applied to heel-prick data, our algorithms estimated GA to within 1.07 weeks of ultrasound-validated GA overall, and correctly estimated GA to within 2 weeks for 94% of the infants. While model performance was slightly reduced when applied to data derived from cord blood samples, GA was correctly estimated to within 2 weeks for over 90% of the infants. These findings are encouraging, as cord blood sampling was more widely accepted by parents than heel-prick sampling due to concerns around causing discomfort to the infant or lack of understanding of the procedure. Health-care providers also reported being more comfortable collecting cord blood samples. The increased acceptability and uptake of cord blood sampling are an important consideration going forward if metabolic gestational aging approaches are to be scaled up to other settings. Importantly, the model performed especially well among infants whose birthweight was <2,500 g, among whom the use of the algorithm demonstrated the greatest improvement in GA estimation accuracy over estimation based on clinical information alone (i.e., sex, birthweight, multiple gestation), improving from a root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.21 to 1.44 [27]. This is of particular significance given the documented limitations of other postnatal GA estimation methods among SGA and low birthweight infants.