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Nanotechnology in Stem Cell Regenerative Therapy and Its Applications
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
The use of stem cells for the treatment of various clinical conditions has been mentioned; however, substantial clinical studies are required to confirm its exact role. MSCs have responded positively in many animal and clinical studies. The use of umbilical cord and amniotic fluid cells has received a lot of consideration as it can be used as an alternative effectively. Presently, several animal and human trials are ongoing to analyse the chances of applying stem cell therapy for regeneration and their promising results assist in understanding the regeneration potential of the body itself. However, the molecular mechanism of stem cell differentiation and its biological function should be researched thoroughly.
Early Organogenesis and First Trimester
Published in Mary C. Peavey, Sarah K. Dotters-Katz, Ultrasound of Mouse Fetal Development and Human Correlates, 2021
Mary C. Peavey, Sarah K. Dotters-Katz
The main walls of the heart are formed between day 27 and 37 of development. With transvaginal imaging, a four-chambered heart can be identified in at least half of pregnancies in the eighth week, and increasing incrementally to 98% detection by the 11th week (4). The umbilical cord is first seen between 8 and 9 weeks gestation, at which time the umbilical cord flow is detectable via color Doppler; umbilical cord morphology can be consistently studied in the first trimester from 11 to 13 weeks (5). From this point on, color Doppler and the umbilical pulsations are measurable and quantifiable.
Cord clamping
Published in Alison Edwards, Labour Midwifery Skills, 2020
Historically, if conducting active management of the third stage of labour, the umbilical cord would be clamped and cut immediately following delivery of the baby. Current practice as recommended by NICE is to delay clamping the cord for between 1–5 minutes unless there is a clinical reason to do so such as if the baby requires transfer for resucutation or the placenta needs to be delivered due to maternal haemorrhage. Delaying cord clamping enables the baby to receive valuable blood flow which can reduce risks of anaemia and iron deficiency resulting in affected growth and development. If left, the cord will naturally shut down and blood flow will cease (McDonald and Middleton 2009).
Discordant pH between two umbilical cord arteries at delivery for a foetus with undetected blood flow at a unilateral umbilical artery
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Shinsuke Tokoro, Shunichiro Tsuji, Daisuke Katsura, Tsukuru Amano, Takashi Murakami
In the present case, the blood flow of the unilateral umbilical cord artery was undetectable on Doppler velocimetry. First, we suspected umbilical cord artery thrombosis, which is associated with foetal growth restriction, intrauterine foetal death and other adverse perinatal outcomes (Devlieger et al. 1983; Heifetz 1988; Cook 1995). The risk factors for this are reported to include such factors as an excessively long (>70 cm) or short (<30 cm) umbilical cord, an excessively twisted umbilical cord, and the presence of knots in umbilical cords (Benirschke 1994; Redline 2004). Although gross findings, such as a short (30 cm) and excessively twisted cord, corresponded to the risk factors, thrombosis was not detected histologically. Interestingly, the measured pH values of the two umbilical arteries were quite different; the pH value of the normal sample was 7.295, while that of the viscous sample was 7.058. The difference in pH value of 0.237 was considered significant, given the accuracy of the measuring apparatus, where 90% of the absolute measuring errors are under 0.013.
Comparative study of umbilical cord cross-sectional area in foetuses with isolated single umbilical artery and normal umbilical artery
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Tian-Gang Li, Chong-Li Guan, Jian Wang, Mei-Juan Peng
UAs are the main vascular channels connecting the foetus and the placenta. The umbilical circulation provides the foetus with nutrients and gas exchange; therefore, haemodynamic changes in the umbilical cord suggest an intrauterine oxygen supply and placental pathological changes. The embryonic umbilical cord surrounds the allantois; thus, two of the allantoic arteries form the UA. If one of the UAs shrinks, an SUA is formed. Formerly, foetal umbilical blood flow was assessed mainly for pregnancy-induced hypertension and intrauterine hypoxia. The lack of a UA in isolated SUA may cause foetal UA haemodynamic changes and affect foetal intrauterine development (Battarbee et al. 2017). Monitoring the umbilical blood flow in foetuses with isolated SUA and the general condition of umbilical blood vessels may aid in early detection of the haemodynamic changes associated with isolated SUAs.
Second trimester uterine rupture and repair followed by morbidly adherent placenta: a case report
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
Claire Pintault, Aurore Bleuzen, Franck Perrotin, Caroline Diguisto
The ultrasound at 29 weeks showed a low-lying anterior placenta, with many venous lacunae suggestive of a morbidly adherent placenta (MAP). Magnetic resonance imaging and contrast-enhanced ultrasound were performed and both indicated placenta increta with suspected extension into the bladder (Figure 1). A multidisciplinary committee decided the time of birth and determined that the placenta increta should be managed conservatively (left in situ and monitored). After a course of antenatal corticosteroids, a caesarean by midline laparotomy was performed under general anaesthesia at 32 weeks of gestation. A transverse fundal incision made it possible not to transect the placenta, and a live boy weighing 1960 g was born. The umbilical cord was sectioned just above its site of insertion, and the placenta left in situ. The hysterotomy was closed by 2.0 Vicryl® sutures. Total blood loss was 700 mL. The patient’s clinical, laboratory and ultrasound follow-up was reassuring, with total placental resorption confirmed by ultrasound three months after birth.