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Breech presentation
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Randall C. Floyd, Martin L. Gimovsky
The low–birth weight breech fetus, between 25 and 36 weeks of gestation, presents a clinical challenge (36,53,54). These fetuses have up to a one in five chance of having a major congenital malformation (2). Furthermore, such pregnancies are commonly complicated by significant obstetric problems including but not limited to placenta previa, abruptio placentae, and multiple gestations (55). Owing to the relative sizes of head and abdomen, the risk of cord prolapse (or body prolapse) through an incompletely dilated cervix is high.
Antepartum Haemorrhage
Published in Sanjeewa Padumadasa, Malik Goonewardene, Obstetric Emergencies, 2021
Placental abruption is defined as the partial or complete separation of a normally situated placenta before the delivery of the fetus. Although the incidence of placental abruption has decreased over the years to approximately 1 in 100 pregnancies at the present time, it continues to be a major contributor to maternal mortality, severe acute maternal morbidity and perinatal mortality and morbidity. The maternal effects depend primarily on its severity, while the fetal outcome depends on its acuteness as well as the gestational age when it occurs.
Urogenital and reproductive system
Published in David Sales, Medical IELTS, 2020
Occasionally problems during pregnancy are related to a problem with the placenta (afterbirth), for example abruption (separation). Following childbirth a number of new mothers experience lability of mood (up and down) and tearfulness (baby blues), which must be differentiated from postnatal depression.
Umbilical artery ultrasound haemodynamics combined with serum adiponectin levels can aid in predicting adverse pregnancy outcomes in patients with severe pre-eclampsia
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2023
Zhi Zhang, Fei Liu, Qiling Zhang, Danya Li, Liping Cai
In the present study, adverse pregnancy outcomes were defined as maternal primary postpartum haemorrhage and placental abruption, neonatal asphyxia, low birth weight, foetal distress, and foetal growth restriction (FGR) (Gottardi et al.2021, Takahashi et al.2018). Specifically, placental abruption refers to uterine bleeding greater than usual in the absence of placenta previa or trauma (related to contractions, non-reassuring foetal heart tones and/or clinical diagnosis of abruption) resulting in delivery (Tita et al. 2022). FGR represents a birth weight measuring under the 10th percentile for gestational age and infant sex according to the Duryea population standard and a small-for-gestational-age birth weight measuring under the 5th percentile (Duryea et al.2014, Tita et al.2022). Hence, this study recruited 118 sPE patients and 90 normal pregnant women and collected their clinical information and blood samples to analyse the expression of Sad and its correlation with Doppler parameters, in anticipation of predicting pregnancy outcomes in sPE patients.
Methotrexate enhances oxidative stress, apoptosis, and ultrastructural alterations in the placenta of rat
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2022
Amany Mohamed Shalaby, Khalid Mohammed Mohammed Albakoush, Mohamed Ali Alabiad, Mohammed Alorini, Fatima A. Jaber, Mahmoud Ramadan Elkholy, Shereen Elsayed Tawfeek
The size and shape of the placenta, as well as developmental and pathological events, all impact the flow of nutrients between the placenta and the fetus. A tiny placenta causes less blood to flow from the uterus to the placenta and the fetus. This causes growth retardation of the fetus.20 The labyrinth zone trophoblasts, where there is proximity between the mother’s and fetus’s blood collectively, perform critical roles in placental endocrine function, placental substance barrier formation, placental xenobiotic metabolism, and maternal-fetal exchange. While the basal zone produces proteins, steroids, and peptide hormones. Thus, Labyrinth zone malfunction is believed to lead to placental dysfunction and have a negative impact on fetal development.14 This could account for the marked reduction in fetal weight in the MTX group reported in our study.
Doppler ultrasound findings in symptomatic pregnant women diagnosed with COVID-19
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Selami Erdem, Mehmet Irfan Kulahcioglu
SARS-CoV-2 enters cells by interacting with the angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor, the expression of which is increased in the uterus and placenta (Malinowski et al. 2020; Dhaundiyal et al. 2021). Foetal and maternal vascular malperfusion characterised by decidual arteriopathy have been reported in pathologies of placentas from pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection (Baergen and Heller 2020; Shanes et al. 2020). Placental infarction areas and impaired perfusion were found in the pathological examination of the placenta of a case with intrauterine growth restriction and severe oligohydramnios (Moltner et al. 2021). Similarly, thrombotic events were reported more frequently in inpatients treated for covid-19, and endothelial damage and vasculopathy were detected to be higher compared to influenza infection (Ackermann et al. 2020; Klok et al. 2020). In addition, a previous study reported that SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women may cause complications, such as premature birth, intrauterine growth restriction and maternal death8. Therefore, ultrasound and Doppler evaluations are required in pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection (Favre et al. 2020).