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Overview of Traditional Methods of Diagnosis and Treatment for Women-Associated Cancers
Published in Shazia Rashid, Ankur Saxena, Sabia Rashid, Latest Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Women-Associated Cancers, 2022
Malika Ranjan, Namyaa Kumar, Safiya Arfi, Shazia Rashid
Cervical cancer is cancer arising from the cervix, a part of the uterus in female reproductive organ. The persistent infection of the human papillomavirus (high-risk subtypes of HPV, HPV-16 and HPV-18) is the principal cause of almost all cervical cancers whereas risk factors such as early marriage, promiscuity, bad genital hygiene and so forth are other well-known causes [15]. Cervical cancer, though highly prevalent cancer, can be prevented primarily by avoiding HPV infection through HPV vaccination and undergoing screening programs. The commonly used bivalent (Cervarix), quadrivalent (Gardasil) and 9-valent HPV vaccine (Gardasil-9) have shown greater (90%) efficacy in protecting against infection of HPV-16 and HPV-18, which are associated with high-grade cervical dysplasia. The implementation of formal screening programs in developed countries has helped reduce incidents and mortality of cervical cancer to nearly half in the past 30 years [15].
Screening and Diagnostic Tests
Published in Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie, Principles of Biostatistics, 2022
Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie
Cervical cancer is a disease for which the chance of containment is high given that it is discovered early. The Pap smear is a widely accepted screening test used to detect the abnormal growth of cells on the surface of the cervix in females who are as yet asymptomatic. It has been credited with being primarily responsible for the decreasing death rate due to cervical cancer. A large study conducted in Canada evaluated the performance of the Pap smear for detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia [143]. The test was performed in groups of females with and without cervical cancer, as determined by colposcopy and biopsy.
Cervical Cancer Screening And Management In Pregnancy
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Obstetric Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Vaidehi Mujumdar, Scott D. Richard
Cervical cancer screening guidelines for nonpregnant people with a cervix can be followed in pregnant people. The American Cancer Society (ACS) published screening guidelines in 2020, which differ significantly from their 2012 guidelines. The 2020 ACS guidelines recommend that people with a cervix ages 25–65 get a primary human papillomavirus (HPV) test every 5 years as the preferred screening method. They do not recommend cervical cancer screening in patients less than 25 years of age.
Roles of Beclin1 protein expression in cervical cancer: a meta-analysis and bioinformatics analysis
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Guan-Ying Ma, Shuai Shi, Hong-Yan Ma, Zhi-Gang Zhang
Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women aged 20–39 years worldwide (Haran et al. 2021). Most cervical cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, which originate in the squamous epithelial cells of the cervix (Zhong et al. 2020). Studies have shown that persistent infection with high-risk human papilloma virus (hrHPV) has been identified as a major factor that leads to cervical cancer. As the extensive screening programs, we adopt periodic surveillance through hrHPV and Pap smear-based testing can play a key role in reducing the associated morbidity (Tsikouras et al. 2016; Naz et al. 2018), so its prolonged pre-cancerous phase can last 10–20 years (Bray et al. 2018). Whereas, cervical cancer is aggressive and often detected in advanced stages. In the present situation, we shed light on our current understanding and knowledge of racially disparate outcomes in cervical cancer (Olusola et al. 2019) with concepts and knowledge about its prevention and treatment evolving rapidly, emerging new concepts and technologies for cancer interventions, and more urgently (Zheng and Ding 2018).
Factors associated with normal or abnormal Papanicolaou smear among HIV-infected women at a national hospital in Lima, Peru, 2012–2015
Published in AIDS Care, 2022
Omayra Jannet Chincha Lino, Nathaly Olga Chinchihualpa Paredes, Frine Samalvides Cuba
Regarding risk factors, Aho et al. (2017) made a retrospective study in HIV-infected women for evaluating temporal changes in Pap smear for risk factor to develop an abnormal lesion in cervical cervix. The study found a preceding VL of >1000 copies/mL remained a hard risk factor for abnormal Pap; however during the follow-up time, the use of ART and CD4 count more than 500 cells/ mm3 were low risk for abnormal Pap. This result is similar to the study of Sansone et al. (2017) in Italy, which showed that women with a CD4 count <200 cells/mm3 had a 5-fold association of developing abnormal cervical lesions compared with women with CD4 > 500 cells/mm3. In our study in peruvian HIV-infected women, VL could develop major deterioration in epithelial cervix. CD4 ≤ 350 cells/mm3 was not associated with an abnormal Pap result, which would denote that the women in the study have a conserved immunity and have a decreased risk of developing an abnormal cervical lesion. On the other hand, ART is a protective factor for a normal Pap smear result in our study. Early initiation of therapy may prevent HIV-related diseases including abnormal cervical lesions (Bekolo et al., 2016).
The ins and outs of drug-releasing vaginal rings: a literature review of expulsions and removals
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2020
Peter Boyd, Ruth Merkatz, Bruce Variano, R. Karl Malcolm
The vagina is an elastic muscular canal that connects the uterine cervix to the skin. The proximal end (entrance) of the vaginal canal is the vulva and the distal end of the canal (internally) is the vaginal fornix. The part of the uterus known as the uterine cervix protrudes into the vaginal canal. Since the vaginal canal is elastic, it can usually stretch to easily accommodate the insertion of the ring device. The insertion guidelines for both marketed and investigational vaginal rings invariably require the women to squeeze the ring into a figure-of-eight shape using the thumb and index finger and to manually insert the ring as high as possible in the vaginal canal; the upper third portion is wider than the lower portions of the vaginal (Table 2, Figure 4). In this location, the ring should settle into place, feel comfortable during use, and expulsions are less likely [82,83]. There is no danger that a vaginal ring can be pushed into the uterus since the cervical canal is much too narrow (<8 mm) for ring passage in non-pregnant women [84]. The ring is generally retained in the upper segment of the vaginal canal around the cervix (the vaginal vault) where it can be easily retrieved by finger insertion (Figure 4).