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Nanotechnology in Stem Cell Regenerative Therapy and Its Applications
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Coaxed fibrin with amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs) assist in tissue repair for treating congenital heart defects in newborns; PEG on the addition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes organogenesis (Benavides et al. 2015). The gelatinous substance present within the umbilical cord is Wharton’s jelly (WJ), which is loaded with mucopolysaccharides, fibroblast, and macrophages, and stem cells that can be differentiated to 𝛽-cells. Transplantation of these cells improves the function of 𝛽-cells, which can be applied in the treatment of diabetes (Hu et al. 2013). Intravenous injection of transplanted WJ-SCs can improve renal functions and stop degeneration of tissues (Mahla 2016). Neuroblastoma patients on receiving UCSCs who survived without any side-effects were reported in a case study. The coaxed organoids can be used to treat all the diseases involving lysosomal defects, like Krabbe’s disease, hurler syndrome, adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), and Sandhoff disease (Mahla 2016). As the HA gel factors promote regeneration, transplantation of UCB-MSCs with HA hydrogel regenerates cartilage tissues, therefore effective in regenerative therapy as candidates for healing cartilage and ligament injuries. UCSCs’ transplantation is used in the treatment of Hodgkin’s lymphoma and injecting WJ-SCs is found to be successful in the management of peritoneal fibrosis, as it prevents cell death and peritoneal wall thickness (Fan et al. 2016).
Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Amniotic Membranes
Published in Asim Kurjak, CRC Handbook of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2019
Edema — Coulter et al.104 reported the incidence of edema in 10% of all deliveries. It seems that it happens more often in premature deliveries, in patients with abruptio placentae, diabetes, hydrops fetalis, and polyhydramnios (Figure 38). They pointed out that possible factors predisposing to cord edema were a low fetal osmotic pressure, a raised hydrostatic pressure in the placenta and cord, and an increase in total water content in the feto-placental unit. In the growth-retarded fetuses and postmature babies, decreased cord Wharton’s jelly is observed. The presence of a good amount of Wharton’s jelly in the utero is a pleasing sign in the exclusion of IUGR.105 A reduced amount of Wharton’s jelly in prolonged pregnancy was associated with the cord compression and higher peripartum morbidity.106
Pathologic abnormalities of placental structure and function in diabetes
Published in Moshe Hod, Lois G. Jovanovic, Gian Carlo Di Renzo, Alberto de Leiva, Oded Langer, Textbook of Diabetes and Pregnancy, 2018
Rhonda Bentley-Lewis, Maria Rosaria Raspollini, Drucilla Roberts
Fungal placentitis, a relatively uncommon finding, is also increased in the setting of maternal diabetes.55–61 This pathology includes brisk funisitis or umbilical cord vasculitis with peripheral umbilical cord abscesses (Figure 11.4).59 The presence of invasive hyphae within the Wharton’s jelly of the umbilical cord is thought to represent an increased risk for disseminated disease in the fetus, but even deeply invasive hyphae are usually benign.3 Consequently, it usually does not have significant sequelae for the fetus, although rarely fungal placentitis can lead to overwhelming sepsis.62,63
Recent advances in stem cell therapy for erectile dysfunction: a narrative review
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2023
Bohan Wang, Wenjun Gao, Micha Y. Zheng, Guiting Lin, Tom F Lue
Wharton’s jelly is a gelatinous substance found within the umbilical cord, containing a variety of growth factors, cytokines, pathway signaling molecules, and stem cells with regenerative properties. These stem cells are not tumorigenic, and their immune privilege ensures histocompatibility. In a phase 1/2 clinical trial (NCT02945449), Demour et al. (2021) reported the safety and efficacy of two consecutive intracavernosal injections (IC) of allogeneic Wharton’s Jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) for the treatment of 32 diabetic patients with refractory ED [56]. The study enrolled men with type 1 or 2 diabetes aged between 25–75 years who had a poor response to previous medical therapies, such as PDE-5 inhibitors and prostaglandin E1. Efficacy was assessed using the IIEF-5 and EHS at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, while penile color duplex ultrasound (CDU) was performed 3 months after the second IC injection. The IIEF-5 scores significantly improved at all follow-up time points, with maximum improvement observed after 6 months. Additionally, the EHS score, mean basal PSV, and 20-min PSV after IC injection were higher than the baseline data. The results of the 12-month follow-up of color duplex doppler ultrasound (CDDU) also demonstrated improvements in penile hemodynamics. However, the positive effects declined between the 6-month and 12-month follow-up periods, suggesting that the treatment may need to be repeated. Because allogeneic Wharton’s Jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells can be used as an allogeneic source of SCT, this approach may have practical clinical utility.
Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells prevent glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head by promoting angiogenesis
Published in Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2023
Gang Tian, Chuanjie Liu, Haitao Wang, Zhiping Yu, Jian Huang, Qi Gong, Daoqiang Zhang, Haibo Cong
The Wharton’s jelly was successfully separated from the umbilical cord tissue and observed with an inverted microscope after culturing. After 1–2 days of culture, the tissues began to adhere to the wall. After 7 days, some cells could be observed with fusiform and spindly morphology. About 14 days, the cells reached 80% confluent and formed circinate cell colonies. After passage 2, the cell growth ability was significantly enhanced, and the cells showed a uniform long spindle shape, resembling fibroblasts, and grew in a typical spiral arrangement. The morphology of the cells did not change significantly during the process of proliferation and passage. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that the passage three of hUC-MSCs had a prominent expression of CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90 and CD105, and almost did not express CD14, CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR. Taken together, these findings suggested that the hUC-MSCs was successfully obtained for subsequent assays (Figure 1).
Umbilical cord diameter in the prediction of foetal growth restriction: a cross sectional study
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Mariam L. Mohamed, Magda M. Elbeily, Maisara M. Shalaby, Yara H. Khattab, Omima T. Taha
Results and clinical implications: Foetal weight was significantly lower in the at risk group than the control group during the antenatal care visits and at delivery. Also, the umbilical cord diameter showed similar results. This was documented before but without significant difference between the studied groups (Somprasit et al. 2010). A study reported a significant difference in the umbilical cord diameter between foetuses with normal foetal weight and those with FGR (Peyter et al. 2014; Ismail et al. 2020). They performed the analysis on fresh UC as well as histologically which subjected the specimens to processing that resulted in dryness of the umbilical cord. Despite of this, there was a significant difference between the control group and those with FGR which was explained by increased water content in the Wharton jelly of the UC of normal foetuses. Wharton jelly is a porous connective tissue layer that facilitates the diffusion of hydrophilic substances (Peyter et al. 2014).