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Marine Chondroitin Sulfate and Its Potential Applications
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Chondroitin sulfate is a natural polymer that belongs to the glycosaminoglycans family of macromolecules with a high molecular weight (10,000–50,000 Da) that is a component of cartilage and connective tissue (Maccari et al., 2010; Konovalova et al., 2019; EC Huskisson, 2008). Glycosaminoglycans are polysaccharide molecules that are polymers of disaccharide units made up of various monosaccharides. The structure of glycosaminoglycan compounds, which is frequently dominated by disaccharide compounds, is more stressed in their categorization (Wikanta et al., 2002). There are several kinds of glycosaminoglycans, which are typically classified into four categories: (1) hyaluronic acid or hyaluronan, (2) keratan sulfate, (3) heparan sulfate/heparin and (4) chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (Krichen et al., 2018).
Glycosaminoglycans
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
The ability of native and modified glycosaminoglycans to enhance cartilage healing has been consistently documented in both animal and human studies. Mechanisms of action have been hypothesized and evidence in support of those hypotheses has been reported. Compared to commonly used antirheumatic, antiinflammatory, and analgesic drugs,1300,1301 side effects are minor or nonexistent. However, unlike analgesics or antiinflammatory drugs, Arteparon and Rumalon do not exert immediate effects. They are not analgesic, and their benefits take weeks, months, or sometimes years to become discernible. However, the changes are due to a delay in progression of joint damage, and probably due to an improvement in joint cartilage and synovium repair. One wonders what results would have been found if concomitant analgesic and antiinflammatory drugs had not been used, since some of these drugs are known to disturb chondrocyte metabolism adversely. Also, the use of intermittent injections involves a considerable number of office visits, in addition to the pharmacokinetic considerations of a cyclic nature of chondroprotector presence. Perhaps an oral mode of administration would offer adequate levels of glycosaminoglycans continuously, which would accelerate and/or intensify observed results compared to injectable modalities. Regardless, the concept of improving cartilage metabolism and repair, and preventing degradation by glycosaminoglycans, has been confirmed.
Selected Heritable Skin Diseases of Domesticated Animals
Published in John P. Sundberg, Handbook of Mouse Mutations with Skin and Hair Abnormalities, 2020
Robert W. Dunstan, Robert A. Kennis
Clinical features — Canine dermatomyositis is usually recognized during the first 6 months of life, although mature-onset variants have been described. Skin lesions most commonly develop in sites either exposed to sunlight (the face and ears) or areas commonly subjected to trauma (the tip of the tail, over bony prominences of the distal extremities). The disease has marked variability in its severity. Mildly affected dogs may have a transient episode of erythema with focal crusting that heals without scarring. Severely affected dogs may have a lifelong disease which eventuates in a scarring alopecia, dermal fibrosis, hypopigmentation alternating with hyperpigmentation, and areas of vascular telangiectasis. The degree of myositis also varies considerably.49–53 In the authors’ experience, most animals have no clinically detectable myositis; however, electromyographic evaluations will define abnormal fibrillation potentials, bizarre high-frequency discharges, and positive sharp waves. When myositis is clinically detectable, the masseter and temporal muscles are most severely involved, followed by muscles of the distal extremities. In severe cases, even the esophageal musculature can be affected. Such animals may have difficulty in eating and drinking. There is no curative therapy for this condition; however, preliminary evidence suggests that pentoxifylline, a rheogenic agent which increases microvascular blood flow and alters the quantity and type of dermal glycosaminoglycans, may be an effective treatment.53
Glucosamine modulates membrane and cellular ionic homeostasis: studies on accelerated senescent and naturally aged rats
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Komal Saraswat, Raushan Kumar, Syed Ibrahim Rizvi
Glucosamine (GlcN), 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose, is a naturally occurring amino sugar found in the human body. It is an important component of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans, which is a major component of joint cartilage [10]. GlcN has a potent background as a glycolytic inhibitor [11,12]. Its entry into cells is stimulated by insulin and involves the glucose-transporter system [13]. GlcN in its phosphorylated form (GlcN-6-phosphate), acts as an inhibitor of hexokinase, the first enzyme of glycolysis. Researchers have introduced a novel biological and pharmacological application of GlcN as a caloric restriction mimetic (CRM) [14]. Recently, we have reported that GlcN supplementation results in an improvement in aging biomarkers in erythrocytes and plasma by inducing a transient mitohormetic increase in ROS [15].
Urinary sulphated glycosaminoglycans excretion in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with metformin
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Agnieszka Jura-Półtorak, Paweł Olczyk, Aleksandra Chałas-Lipka, Katarzyna Komosińska-Vassev, Kornelia Kuźnik-Trocha, Katarzyna Winsz-Szczotka, Diana Ivanova, Yoana Kiselova-Kaneva, Katarzyna Krysik, Alicja Telega, Krystyna Olczyk
Thus, the primary aim of this study was a quantitative assessment of the total amount of sulphated glycosaminoglycans and particular types of these compounds (CS/DS and HS) in urine of obese patients with T2DM treated with metformin – the most frequently applied first line drug in the treatment of this type of diabetes, in monotherapy for the period of six months. The influence of the applied pharmacotherapy in patients with T2DM on the pattern of glycosaminoglycans excreted with urine had not been assessed before. Furthermore, the relationship between the urine total sulphated glycosaminoglycans and GAG types – that is, CS/DS and HS in obese patients with T2DM, before and after treatment with metformin, and the level of glucose, insulin and HbA1c value as well as the value of the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR2), the insulin sensitivity index (HOMA-S) and the index of β-cells function of the pancreatic islets (HOMA-B) were also assessed.
Hyaluronic acid in vulvar and vaginal administration: evidence from a literature systematic review
Published in Climacteric, 2021
G. Buzzaccarini, L. Marin, M. Noventa, A. Vitagliano, A. Riva, F. Dessole, G. Capobianco, L. Bordin, A. Andrisani, G. Ambrosini
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a fundamental component of the extracellular matrix, which has remained largely unchanged throughout animal evolution, with hydrating and lubricant properties. In particular, it is a glycosaminoglycan composed of repeating units of disaccharides, d-glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine molecules linked by β-(1–4) and β-(1–3). In esthetic medicine, HA is widely used thanks to its water-binding property, which can provide a lubricating and moisturizing effect on tissue [1]. Actually, cross-linked HA and non-cross-linked HA are some of the most requested and appreciated esthetic medicine procedures for facial rejuvenation. In particular, it is used both for biostimulation and facial remodeling, filling facial cavities that are crumbling due to reabsorbed bone, fat or subcutaneous matrix [2–4]. HA usage is now gaining widespread popularity in different clinical fields related to esthetic medicine, such as esthetic gynecology, and is taken into consideration for many different and innovative purposes.