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Anemia
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Anemias are a group of diseases characterized by a significant reduction in the amount of healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin, resulting in a corresponding decrease in the blood’s oxygen carrying capacity to the cells and tissues. Anemia is the most common blood disorder in the world, affecting more than three million individuals and is often a sign of underlying pathology. If the anemia onset is gradual, a person may not be symptomatic until the hemoglobin level is less than 8 gm/dL.1 Symptoms often include fatigue, pale skin, rapid heart beat or palpitations, poor appetite, shortness of breath, and dizziness. There are many different types and causes of anemia.
The Patient with Anemia and Iron Deficiency
Published in Andreas P. Kalogeropoulos, Hal A. Skopicki, Javed Butler, Heart Failure, 2023
Haye H. van der Wal, Peter van der Meer
In routine clinical practice, anemia is diagnosed using hemoglobin or hematocrit levels as surrogate markers for a reduced red cell mass, which is the strict definition of anemia. The most commonly used definition for anemia is a hemoglobin concentration <12 g/dL (7.5 mmol/L) for women and <13 g/dL (8.1 mmol/L) for men.29 A distinction should be made between “true” anemia (i.e., reduced hemoglobin and erythrocyte count) and pseudo-anemia caused by fluid overload, leading to hemodilution (i.e., reduced hemoglobin with normal erythrocyte count).10,30,31 Therefore, hemoglobin levels should ideally be measured when the patient is in a euvolemic state. In patients with acute decompensated HF, the absolute change in hemoglobin during intravenous diuretic therapy—indicating hemoconcentration—is an independent predictor of mortality.1 Other hematological parameters, such as mean corpuscular volume (MCV), red cell distribution width, and reticulocyte count may be normal in anemic patients. In a large, observational cohort of chronic HF patients, MCV was often within the normal range and not significantly associated with either vitamin B12 or folate levels. Therefore, MCV should be used cautiously in the differential diagnosis of anemia in chronic HF patients.6
Low Birthweight and Fetal Growth Retardation: Some Preventable Aspects
Published in Asim Kurjak, John M. Beazley, Fetal Growth Retardation: Diagnosis and Treatment, 2020
Another maternal factor recognized in association with LBW and raised perinatal mortality is anemia. In many instances this may be related to malnutrition or a deficiency of iron or folic acid. In other cases it is related to infections such as malaria or hookworm, or to genetic disease such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia. Often in the background is the draining impact of repeated pregnancies. Often the primary cause of the anemia as well as the anemia itself, is both preventable and treatable.15
The clinical implications and importance of anemia in older women
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2022
Osman Kara, Lee Smith, Semen Gokce Tan, Pinar Soysal
The prevalence of anemia ranges from 2.9% to 61% in older men and 3.3% to 41% in older women [5]. Factors that contribute to the variation in the prevalence include comorbid diseases, regions where individuals reside, hospitalization status, and nursing home residence status [5]. For patients, anemia may cause serious economic and socio-cultural problems, such as withdrawal from functional-social life and depressive symptoms [6]. Anemia can present with relatively mild symptoms, such as weakness, fatigue, lack of attention, palpitations, dizziness, and dyspnea [3,5]. However, it may also present with more severe symptoms including, for example, falls, cognitive dysfunction, aggravation of congestive heart failure, and also mortality [3,5,6]. Importantly, as the severity of anemia increases, the severity of the symptoms are also more likely to increase [7].
Exercise and anemia in cancer patients: could it make the difference?
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2021
Alice Avancini, Lorenzo Belluomini, Daniela Tregnago, Ilaria Trestini, Michele Milella, Massimo Lanza, Sara Pilotto
The latest updates of the European Society of Medical Oncology and the American Society of Medical Oncology/American Society of Hematology practical guidelines identify a series of recommendations to manage anemia, primarily through the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, iron therapy, and red blood cell transfusion [5,6]. Nevertheless, these approaches are potentially related to the occurrence of adverse events (e.g. hypertension, venous thromboembolic events) [5] and some studies suggested an association between erythropoiesis-stimulating agents use and disease progression [7]. In clinical practice, anemia remains often overlooked and undertreated. About 61.1% of anemic cancer patients do not receive a treatment [4], therefore representing an unsolved gap. Anemia can seriously interfere with the cancer disease course; indeed, it is a prognostic factor for survival, mortality risk, and disease progression [8,9]. Moreover, the hypoxic condition presented in anemia is associated with a worse chemotherapy efficacy and a reduced sensitivity to radiation with a consequent detrimental impact on the patient’s prognosis [10–12].
Spatial distribution of heavy metals in rice grains, rice husk, and arable soil, their bioaccumulation and associated health risks in Haryana, India
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Renu Daulta, Tallapragada Sridevi, Vinod Kumar Garg
Heavy metal concentration in rice grains of the study area was compared with permissible limits given by various regulatory agencies viz. United States), Joint, FAO/WHO 2014 Expert Committee on Food Additives, and World Health Organization (2014), CODEX (2006), World Health Organization (1993, 1996, 1998), and FAO/WHO (1984). The Cu, Cr, Zn, Cd, and Co content in rice grains was below permissible limits. Based on the comparison it has been found that Fe content in rice grains in both years was higher at some locations than permissible limit (45 mg/kg). Fe is an important element necessary for plants and human beings. It is required for chlorophyll production by plants hence its uptake by the plant is more. In human beings, anemia is caused by the deficiency of iron in the diet. But excess iron gets stored in various organs of the human body like liver, lungs, hearts, etc. causing their damage both structurally and functionally.