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Electromyograms
Published in A. Bakiya, K. Kamalanand, R. L. J. De Britto, Mechano-Electric Correlations in the Human Physiological System, 2021
A. Bakiya, K. Kamalanand, R. L. J. De Britto
The skeleton muscles are attached to the bones by tendons (bundle of collagen fibers) in an area called insertion zone (Thorpe et al., 2013), which is usually distant form the distal portion of the muscle because the movement of muscle occurs at the joint (Lu & Jiang, 2005; MacIntosh et al., 2006; Frontera & Ochala, 2015). Tendons are highly capable of bearing tension and strong band tissue connection (links one end of the skeletal muscle to joint or bone). The functions of the each muscle in the muscular system are controlled by the nervous system (Lu & Jiang, 2005).
Surgery of the Shoulder
Published in Timothy W R Briggs, Jonathan Miles, William Aston, Heledd Havard, Daud TS Chou, Operative Orthopaedics, 2020
Nick Aresti, Omar Haddo, Mark Falworth
Various techniques are described for tendon fixation. The type of anchor and whether a single- or double-row fixation is used remains debatable. However, the principle is to have a large contact area between the tendon and the bone to encourage healing. To achieve this a variety of arthroscopic instruments are required. The suture anchor is inserted percutaneously or through the superolateral portal, such that the correct bone entry angle is achieved. During anchor placement the choice of viewing portal is often determined by the size of the tear with small or partial tears requiring an intra-articular camera position and larger tears requiring visualisation from the subacromial space. The sutures can now be passed using antegrade techniques, using suture passers, or with retrograde techniques where penetrators or suture shuttling instruments are used. When passing sutures, a posterior or lateral viewing portal is used depending on the size and location of the tear.
Skeletal Muscle
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
The endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium are interconnected together and blend with tendons and aponeuroses. Tendon is a tough, fibrous, whitish, cord-like tissue that connects muscle to bone and is composed of parallel arrays of closely packed fibers that are mostly collagen. The collagen fibers aggregate to form fascicles that are surrounded by connective tissue. Bundles of fascicles, as well as the tendon as a whole, are surrounded in turn by connective tissue. Some tendons are surrounded, in addition, by a sheath that encloses synovial fluid, which acts as a lubricant that reduces friction associated with tendon movements. Tendons include blood vessels and fibroblasts for maintaining tendon tissue, as well as a type of receptor, the Golgi tendon organ (Section 9.4.1) that responds to tension in the tendon.
Transforming growth factor-β signalling pathway in tendon healing
Published in Growth Factors, 2022
Yujie Li, Xinyue Liu, Xueli Liu, Yuanqiu Peng, Bin Zhu, Sheng Guo, Chenglong Wang, Dingxuan Wang, Sen Li
Tendon injury is a common disease of the musculoskeletal system, and its main manifestations are pain and impaired function. Nearly 30% of consultations for musculoskeletal pain are correlated with tendon disorders. The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons estimates that in 2008, nearly 2 million people sought medical care for rotator cuff problems. Tendon injury affects people of all ages and may affect the activities or physical activities of young and old in the work environment. Unfortunately, due to poor self-healing healing ability, it is almost impossible for tendons to be repaired perfectly, which often leads to persistent symptoms and reinjury (Nourissat, Berenbaum, and Duprez 2015). Because tendon injury has a significant impact on the patient's quality of life and the expenditure of the healthcare system, it is important to further study the molecular mechanisms involved in tendon repair to encourage patients to perform tendon repair.
The effects of pistol grip power tools on median nerve pressure and tendon strains
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Ryan Bakker, Mayank Kalra, Sebastian S. Tomescu, Robert Bahensky, Naveen Chandrashekar
CTS is caused by excessive pressure on the median nerve [10], which runs through the carpal tunnel. During pistol grip power tool operation, changes to the median nerve pressure (MNP) can be caused by gripping the handle [2,11–13] and deviating from a neutral wrist position [13–15]. Tendonitis is inflammation of a tendon caused by cumulative trauma through repetitive strain [16]. The tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) and flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) muscle groups travel through the carpal tunnel and are responsible for applying grip force and engaging the tool trigger during power tool operation. These tendons are commonly associated with tendonitis [17,18]. While muscular contractions cause these tendons to experience strain during hand-tool gripping tasks, the tendons may experience additional strain from a forceful tool handle rotary displacement due to a reaction torque at the end of a fastener’s travel.
Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability and validity of the Persian version of the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment-Achilles questionnaire (VISA-A)
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Milad Bahari, Mohammad Hadadi, Amir Reza Vosoughi, Amin Kordi Yoosefinejad, Sobhan Sobhani
Achilles tendinopathy is a common debilitating overuse injury [1] with degenerative essence [2,3] that usually manifests insidiously affecting Achilles tendon. The triad of clinical symptoms includes pain, diffuse or local swelling in and around Achilles tendon accompanied by impaired performance [4]. Achilles tendinopathy is a major cause of a significant reduction in the level of physical activity that may be detrimental for general well-being and may eventually cause disability [5,6] According to the anatomic sites of involvement Achilles tendinopathy can be classified as mid-portional tendinopathy where pain occurs 2–6 cm proximal to the calcaneal bone, or insertional tendinopathy, where symptoms occur at the insertion site of the Achilles tendon [7]. Most of the patients are competitive athletes or physically active individuals [1] and it is reported that 8–15% of all Achilles tendon injuries are seen in recreational runners [4,8–10]. However, those who are less active and have a sedentary lifestyle are not immune [11]. Some evidence showing that in fact 30% of patients will eventually undergo surgery for the treatment [12]. Achilles tendinopathy has a higher prevalence between the ages of 30 and 50 [13] and it is more reported among men [14].