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Acne Vulgaris
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Acne vulgaris is the most prevalent chronic skin disease in the U.S. It is the most common chronic skin disorder among the adolescent age group, affecting 90%–95% of the midteen population. Acne also affects young adults and can persist into the 30s and 40s.1 It is characterized by areas of pimples (e.g., blackheads, whiteheads, pustules, cysts, etc.), greasy skin, and possible scarring. Acne is primarily thought to be due to overactivity of the sebaceous (oil) glands in the skin where sebum and dead skin block pores and become inflamed. Outbreaks tend to occur where sebaceous glands are most numerous on the face and upper chest, back, or shoulders. Complications include scarring, cutaneous abscesses, and acneiform lesions.
Wart and localized treatment
Published in Dinesh Kumar Jain, Homeopathy, 2022
To explore the concept of homeopathy, an example is given here. Warts are benign neoplasms of the skin, which are found in 7–20% of the population. They occur mainly on skin areas. Warts are caused by human papovaviruses, which may persist and spread within the same person for several years. Most studies indicate that one-third of warts are cured in six months and two-thirds of diseases are resolved spontaneously within a two-year period. As mentioned earlier, most warts usually disappear spontaneously without leaving any scars (Corey, 1983, pp. 1174–1180). In the affected persons, the diseases disappear spontaneously within 6–24 months. In cases of warts, if homeopathic drugs are given internally after presuming that warts are part of general disease, then this disease will be cured spontaneously, but this is a false reputation claimed by homeopathy.
Anesthesia and analgesia in pregnancy
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Systemic analgesics have been widely used throughout the latter half of the 20th century. The mainstay of this technique is the use of opioids, both naturally occurring and synthetic. Morphine is derived from opium and has a very long history of use. As with all opioids, it binds to mu receptors in the CNS and, in addition to providing analgesia, may also cause respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting, and sedation. Systemically administered morphine can induce histamine release and cause pruritus (15). An associated skin rash may also develop. When given intravenously (IV), its onset of action is within 3 to 5 minutes with peak effect in 20 minutes. The pharmacologic effect of morphine does not correlate well with plasma concentrations following intravenous administration. This is believed to be secondary to a delay in transfer across the blood–brain barrier since a large percentage of morphine is ionized at physiologic pH (16–18). An intramuscular (IM) injection will have an onset of 15 to 30 minutes with a peak effect of 45 to 90 minutes. Morphine undergoes hepatic metabolism. With the availability of more potent synthetic opioids such as fentanyl, remifentanil, and the agonists/antagonists nalbuphine and butorpanol, morphine is more commonly used during prelabor or the very early stages of labor and less so during active labor.
Investigating material basis and molecular mechanism of Qing Cuo formula in the treatment of acne based on animal experiments, UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS and network pharmacology
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Yanqi Cao, Jinfeng Liang, Chunguo Wang, Xuejie Bao, Siqi Li, Qi Liu, Bin Zeng, David Humberto Lopez, Ruoxi Yu
Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disease of hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Studies have found that up to 95% of the population have been effected by acne at different degrees (Ju 2019). It was reported in Europe that 95% of adolescents are affected by acne, causing serious physical and psychological damage (Zouboulis and Bettoli 2015). Modern medicine indicates that acne is a multifactorial disease, and its occurrence is mainly related to factors such as sex hormone levels, sebum secretion, Propionibacterium proliferation, keratinization of hair follicle sebaceous gland ducts and inflammatory response (Eichenfield et al. 2021). Modern medical treatments for acne mainly include general treatment, drug treatment and changes in lifestyle. Commonly used western medicines include spironolactone, cimetidine, glucocorticoids, retinoic acid drugs, antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide, etc. Some new drugs such as oral contraceptives, zinc products, and 5α-reductase inhibitors were also employed (Fox et al. 2016; Cervantes et al. 2018). However, western medicine treatment of acne has many side effects, including skin irritation, gastrointestinal irritation and teratogenicity; the rise of drug resistance has greatly reduced the utility (Fox et al. 2016; Mavranezouli et al. 2022). So safe and effective treatment options for acne are needed to address side effects and increasing rates of antibiotic resistance from current treatments.
Spray coverage analysis of topical sprays formed by cold thermoreversible hydrogels
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2023
Riannon Smith, Chris Ruben, Ojas Pradhan, Nicole Brogden, Jennifer Fiegel
Skin, the largest organ in the human body, is responsible for maintaining homeostasis, regulating temperature, and protecting the body against trauma and damage due to physical, chemical, thermal, and biological threats. But because of its direct exposure to the outside world, the damage is common and can cause the skin’s barrier functions to be impaired, leading to pain and leaving the body susceptible to infection. Various topical products including creams, ointments, and sprays can be applied locally to aid or improve skin function after damage [1]. Topical sprays are an attractive delivery method since they provide localized delivery and treatment, cover the skin quickly without touching the wounded area, and form films that follow skin patterns. They also decrease the risk of cross-contamination between the wound and container and reduce application pressure and pain, which can result in increased patient compliance compared to other topical delivery methods [1–5]. Due to these advantages, topical sprays have been developed to deliver various therapeutic and protective products to the skin including pain relievers, antimicrobials, and antiseptics.
Modeling of heat transfer and thermal regulation for an electric heating glove against a cold environment
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2023
Na Xu, Guangju Liu, Yun Su, Miao Tian, Jun Li
It was assumed that heat transfer in the model was one-dimensional from shell to core. Also, only heat conduction was considered in the process. The initial temperature of skin was assumed to be 308.15 K and varied as a linear function of depth into the skin. In addition, the skin consisted of three layers: epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous. Because the blood perfusion only occurred in the last two layers, the heat transfer equation of the epidermis was the same as that of the fabric layer. The heat transfer equation of the dermis and subcutaneous layers was as follows: 3) of the skin; T = temperature at different times and positions; 3/s); 3) of blood flow;