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Role of Lectins in Gastrointestinal Disorders
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants for Human Gastrointestinal Disorders, 2023
The intestinal epithelial cells are very heterogenous and this inherently hinders the analysis of lectin-binding evaluation. In part, this reflects their site along the length of the intestinal tract. In some sites, the epithelium consists of stratified squamous in type, while in others, most mucus-producing cells are columnar cell-type. In addition to the topographic differentiation in epithelial cells based on their site along the length of the intestinal tract, the GI tract is in a state of constant (and relatively rapid) renewal as individual cells from the crypt region migrate to the villus region, and eventually to the lumen. During this process, increasing differentiation of individual epithelial cells and maturation occur.
Urinary tract infection
Published in Samar Razaq, Difficult Cases in Primary Care, 2021
Rather than prophylactic antibiotics, the importance of prevention should be discussed with the mother. A careful history should rule out constipation. If concomitant constipation exists then this should be treated. An adequate fluid intake and appropriate genital hygiene should be encouraged. Inadequate and dysfunctional voiding has also been linked with recurrent UTIs. A history of this should be sought and appropriate advice given. Cranberry juice is widely recommended in women as prophylaxis against UTIs. It is thought to prevent the adhesion of microbes to the epithelial cells of the urinary tract. Studies in children are limited and inconclusive. Moreover, the amount of cranberry juice that would have to be ingested to prevent UTIs is unclear. If the child finds it palatable, it may be recommended. Circumcision in boys has been associated with a lower risk of UTI and may be considered in boys at a high risk of a UTI or with high-grade VUR (Singh-Grewal, et al., 2005).
The cell and tissues
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
All epithelial tissues are composed of cells held tightly together and adhering to a basement membrane, composed mainly of connective tissue. Some form single layers of cells (simple epithelium), whereas others have multiple layers of cells (stratified epithelium). Epithelial tissues are classified as follows.
Amorphous silica nanoparticles caused lung injury through the induction of epithelial apoptosis via ROS/Ca2+/DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission signaling
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2022
Yan Li, Yawen Zhu, Bosen Zhao, Qing Yao, Hailin Xu, Songqing Lv, Ji Wang, Zhiwei Sun, Yanbo Li, Caixia Guo
Based on these issues, we investigated the pulmonary impairments and related mechanisms caused by SiNPs using in vivo and in vitro models. A preliminary pulmonary injury was evaluated by establishing a subacute SiNPs exposure model in Wistar rats via intratracheal instillation. The respiratory epithelium serves a critical role for the maintenance of airway integrity and defense against inhaled particles, and also as a source of various cytokines, chemokines (Gohy et al. 2016). In vitro, human bronchial epithelial cell (16HBE) was applied, a reliable in vitro model to assess the inhalational toxicity of NPs. Different endpoints were determined, including intracellular ROS level, mitochondrial structure and function, mitochondrial dynamics, and apoptosis. More importantly, the mode of action, cross-interaction, and signaling cascades were determined by using inhibitors.
The effect of COVID-19 on nasal mucociliary clearance
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2022
Ebru Ozer Ozturk, Mehmet Aslan, Tuba Bayındır
The respiratory epithelium has a critical role in infection protection. While the goblet cells in the respiratory epithelium release mucus, the ciliated cells that account for more than half of the epithelial cells move the overlying mucus layer towards the oropharynx [4]. Mucus protects the respiratory tract against harmful chemical, microbiological, and physical influences. Microorganisms are captured by the mucus layer in the respiratory system and kept away from the respiratory epithelial cell surface, and the ciliated cells remove them from the microenvironment. This innate defense system is called mucociliary clearance (MCC) [5]. Nasal mucus is transported to the oropharynx by efficient and coordinated nasociliary activity, adhering to inhaled particles or microorganisms [6]. Nasal MCC is the respiratory system's principal defense mechanism [7]. Impairment of nasociliary activity can cause acute or chronic infections of the upper and lower respiratory system.
Impacts of ingested MWCNT-Embedded nanocomposites in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2021
Melissa Chernick, Alan Kennedy, Treye Thomas, Keana C. K. Scott, Christine Ogilvie Hendren, Mark R. Wiesner, David E. Hinton
Most CNT studies have focused on pulmonary toxicity (Kunzmann et al. 2011; NIOSH 2010), with rodents being the primary animal models for exposure studies (van der Zande et al. 2011). A knowledge gap exists in ingestion as an exposure route of CNTs, even as ingested dust in the workplace has been recognized as a health concern (Liu et al. 2019; Patel and Champavat 2015). In addition to materials that are directly ingested, expectorate (i.e. phlegm) cleared from the respiratory tract may be swallowed (Patel and Champavat 2015; Zhang et al. 2020). Because the digestive tract epithelium takes up various substances, it provides an additional route of entry and toxicity within an individual. Subsequent translocation to other internal organs may result in both damage and resultant immunologic responses (e.g. inflammation) (Dobrovolskaia and McNeil 2007; Lama et al. 2020).