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Neuroendocrine Factors
Published in Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan, Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan
Endocrine glands are stimulated by chemical substances (e.g., releasing factors or neurotransmitters). Stimulation subsequently leads to the secretion of a hormone, a process that has several characteristics including: Secretion occurs in very small amounts; many, if not all, endocrine glands release their hormones in a pulsatile fashion.The hormone has no effect on its secretory gland; only the target tissue is affected.The target tissues may be discrete or ubiquitous.Hormones may trigger alterations in the rate of biochemical reactions, which can persist even after the hormone has returned to baseline concentrations.
Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Seminal vesicle: ~4 cm and is the lateral outpouching of the vas deferens.Located at the posterior base of the prostate.A tubular structure which does not store sperm.Contributes a majority of secretions to the ejaculate.
Introduction to the clinical stations
Published in Sukhpreet Singh Dubb, Core Surgical Training Interviews, 2020
Patients with abundant respiratory secretions benefit from interventions that aid in the removal and expulsion of these secretions, such as physiotherapy. Patient suffering from atelectasis who display reduced secretions are more amenable to continuous positive airway pressure, which has been shown to reduce the occurrence of pneumonia, sepsis and hypoxaemia.
Development of a method of nasal secretions sampling for local nasal inflammation studies
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2023
Xu Xu, Xu Zhang, Dong Liu, Kunpeng Wang, Yang Wang, Chengshuo Wang, Yuan Zhang, Jingyun Li, Luo Zhang
The monitoring of immunological markers in nasal secretions is becoming essential in the study of nose diseases. Secretions reflect the local inflammatory activity and provide valuable information about the immunological reaction to allergens at the target organ [11]. Many efforts have been made to establish a standard methodology for collecting nasal secretions. In nasal secretion sampling, the major objectives are to prevent dilution artifacts and minimize the patient’s discomfort [12]. However, there is still no international consensus on optimal validated standards for collection, processing, and evaluation of nasal secretions [12]. Currently, the common method for collecting nasal secretions is to place a sponge between the inferior turbinate and the nasal septum [13]. In the long-term clinical work, we find that the sponge method has certain defects, including unstable uniformity, and greater irritation to the nasal mucosa (especially in AR patients). The nasal mucosa plays a vital role as the first line of defense against allergens and other foreign substances. Understanding the content of cytokines in nasal secretions has profound significance for disease diagnosis, efficacy evaluation, and mechanisms of disease occurrence and development. The main objective of this study was to develop a noninvasive method of nasal secretion sample collection, storage, and preprocessing, and to compare cytokine detection levels with the traditional sponge method, thereby providing a more optimized and efficient nasal secretions collection method for clinical work.
Low dose ionizing radiation and the immune response: what is the role of non-targeted effects?
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2021
Annum Dawood, Carmel Mothersill, Colin Seymour
LDIR can upregulate mitochondria dependent ROS generation in radiosensitive organ systems such as the hematopoietic system, which stimulates inflammasome mediated cytokine maturation (York et al. 2012). Cytokine secretion reflects the functional integrity of the immune system as they facilitate communication between the immune system cells (Bogdándi et al. 2010). Physical signals such as sound and UV photons generate responses in bystander cells. Cohen et al. (2020) presented the first proof of two types of UV biophoton emission by gamma radiation of wavelength 340 and 610 nanometer (nm) to elicit a bystander response where previous work had been conducted with beta particles (Ahmad et al. 2013; Le et al. 2015). 340 nm made up the predominant energy UV spectrum, where secondary photons emitted at 610 nm. These secondary photons can also induce direct or indirect damage via exosome release from bystander cells that cause responses in additional bystander cells and the chain may continue (Le et al. 2017). In our laboratory, the bystander signal mostly involved UVA photon emissions wherever LDIR interacted with cells. There is extensive literature that UV interacts with the immune system, particularly Langerhans cells (Ullrich and Byrne 2012; Moattari and Granstein 2021). While this is outside the scope of this paper, it is interesting to consider that UVA biophotons generated due to ionizing radiation interaction in deep tissues could be a mechanism leading to an ionizing radiation-induced immune response.
The impact of ellagic acid on some apoptotic gene expressions: a new perspective for the regulation of pancreatic Nrf-2/NF-κB and Akt/VEGF signaling in CCl4-induced pancreas damage in rats
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2021
Abdullah Aslan, Seda Beyaz, Ozlem Gok, Muhammed Ismail Can, Fazilet Erman, Orhan Erman
The pancreas is known as an internal (endocrine) and external (exocrine) secretory organ that it produces digestive enzymes, hormones and its weight is nearly 60–160 g in human. The pancreatic enzymes are stored and released by the cells of the exocrine section. Endocrine secretions are controlled by islets of Langerhans. Pancreatic secretion is controlled by secretin and cholecystokinin hormones produced by enteroendocrine cells in the duodenal mucosa. In addition to hormonal effect, autonomic innervation of the pancreas is also important in secretion. While the sympathetic nerve fibers regulate the blood flow of the pancreas, parasympathetic fibers are responsible for stimulating the activity of centroacinar cells and acinus [1]. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a powerful carcinogenic factor that causes the manufacture of initiates cell injury and reactive free radicals. It has been demonstrated to be a pulmonic toxic composite that leads degeneration of the alveolar septa with numerous deposition of fibroblasts, macrophages, and neutrophils in blood vessels and also liver is the primary organ involved in CCl4 intoxication [2,3]. In addition, it is a powerful hepatotoxic factor mostly used to crate liver damage in vivo by oxidative stress [4]. However, besides the liver, kidney, brain, lung, testis, and muscles have been also found to cause oxidative damage. CCl4 causes oxidative stress through causes tissue injury and free radical formation [5–7]. Under normal conditions, external stress and many internal factors always change cellular levels.