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Diabetes Mellitus, Obesity, Lipoprotein Disorders and other Metabolic Diseases
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Enzyme deficiency: Variegate porphyria: protoporphyrinogen oxidaseHereditary coproporphria: coproporphyrinogen oxidase
A Review on L-Asparaginase
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
In the 1960s, a therapeutic enzyme was regarded as a part of replacement therapy for the deficiencies caused by genetic disorders which have been in use for about 40 years. Enzymes are much needed in our bodies for metabolic purposes. Consuming enzyme-rich food will accelerate the immune response and will prevent a lot of diseases and will act as antiaging factor. Some of the enzymes medicinally important in both digestive and metabolic processes may be used alone or in association with other therapies for treating several diseases. The two crucial characteristics of the enzymes are (1) their affinity and specificity toward binding their target molecules and (2) the catalytic property by which they convert the target to required products. These properties in enzymes allow them to be the most potent drugs to treat several disorders (Cooney and Rosenbluth, 1975).
Cystic Fibrosis
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Fat-Soluble Vitamins: Cystic fibrosis frequently results in a deficiency of essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) as well as fats, proteins, and calcium. The body cannot absorb them without digestive enzymes from the pancreas. For that reason, fat-soluble vitamins, calcium, and exocrine digestive enzymes are required as supplements.4
Moyamoya syndrome in a male pseudohermaphrodite patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia – a rare association. Case report and review of literature
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2023
Remesh Chirayil Vasudevan, Reshma Vachali Madayi, Rohit Ravindranath Nambiar
CAH is a rare disorder that results from defective biosynthesis of steroid hormones in the adrenal cortex. CAH with 17 alpha-hydroxylase and 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiencies is associated with hypertension. Pathogenesis of CAH is due to various genetic mutations in the enzymes involved in steroid synthesis. As a result, cortisol production is reduced and the negative feedback control on adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is lost. Elevated ACTH level results in overproduction and accumulation of steroids precursors prior to the enzyme defect.6 There is hyperplasia of adrenal cortex. The clinical features depend on the level of enzyme defect. Patients with ambiguous genitalia, hypogonadism, hypertension and associated hypokalemia should be evaluated for possible CAH. In CAH due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency, both adrenal and gonadal steroid hormones production will be impaired. In male patients, lack of testosterone will impair Wolffian duct development. They will have gonads but no internal genitalia.7 High 11 deoxycorticosterone levels will cause sodium retention, potassium loss and hypertension due to potent mineralocorticoid action.
Nutrition Intake and Nutrition Status of Pancreatic Cancer Patients: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Exercise Intervention Study
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Dorothea Clauss, Ingeborg Rötzer, Christine Tjaden, Thilo Hackert, Joachim Wiskemann, Karen Steindorf
The pancreas is closely involved in the metabolism of food and nutrients through the production of digestive enzymes and the secretion of hormones (insulin, glucagon) (1). Digestive enzymes are essential for the digestion and the utilization of nutrients. These metabolic processes can be affected by a disease of the pancreas (2). In patients with pancreatic cancer, the production of digestive enzymes is often reduced, disrupted, or no longer present, leading to maldigestion and malabsorption (3). The 52–88% of postoperative pancreatic cancer patients showed a medium–high risk of malnutrition (4). Malnutrition is associated with poorer prognosis (5). Many pancreatic cancer patients also suffer from symptoms including abdominal pain or nausea during eating, early satiety, vomiting and diarrhea, or constipation (6) that often result in an inadequate nutritional intake and absorption. In addition, many patients report a significant weight loss already at diagnosis (7, 8). Due to those physical and metabolic effects of the cancer and due to the effects of anticancer therapies, pancreatic cancer patients are at higher risk of malnutrition in the course of their disease history (9).
Trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen: potent anti-tumor agents
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2021
Aitor González-Titos, Pablo Hernández-Camarero, Shivan Barungi, Juan Antonio Marchal, Julian Kenyon, Macarena Perán
Here, we will examine the structure of Trypsinogen and Chymotrypsinogen with the aim of understanding how pancreatic (pro)enzymes have such a wide range of effects. Then, the possible implications of these (pro)enzymes along with their different isoforms regarding the use of pancreatic enzymes as anti-cancer therapy will be discussed. In addition to this, we will review the most recent clinical use of the pancreatic (pro)enzymes as an alternative therapy for diverse medical conditions. Next, we will review several published studies involving patients reporting a slight beneficial effect of the pancreatic (pro)enzymes on cancer therapy. Finally, we will discuss the potential molecular targets of these pancreatic (pro)enzymes putting special emphasis on the proteinase-activated receptors (PARs).