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Marine Biopolymers
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Many studies examine the release in vitro with different buffers and static conditions (Miyazaki et al., 1981; Felt et al., 1998). However, in the GI tract, the pH changes through the digestion system. Starting with the highly acidic gastric environment, pH is 1.5 to 2, the pH rises rapidly to pH 6 in the duodenum and increases along the small intestine to pH 7.4 at the terminal ileum. After that the pH in the cecum drops below pH 6 and rises in the colon, reaching pH 6.7 at the rectum. In the GI tract, under peristalsis of the GI tract and churning of the stomach (Hua, 2020), the tablet may be abrasive that can influence the release the drugs. The change of pH along the GI tract is the challenge for controlled drug delivery (Lin et al., 2017). In case of chitosan gel, the fluctuation of pH can change the association of the matrix. For improving the chitosan gel properties, some anions or polymers like carrageenan and alginate are used (Leng, 2009).
Food Types, Dietary Supplements, and Roles
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
The pH is a measure of the acid-base balance of a solution or a water. The pH (potential Hydrogen) measures the concentration of free hydrogen ions in a solution. The pH scale ranges from 0 (the most acidic) to 14 (the most basic), with 7 as the neutral mid-point. Most tap water and a number of spring and natural mineral waters have a pH around 7. Human blood has a pH of approximately 7.4 ± 0.05. It is essential for our bodies to maintain our blood pH within a tight range. Even a small fluctuation of as little as .05 in our blood pH can have severe health risks. However, the pH of the organs throughout the rest of the body can vary widely. In our stomach, the pH is acidic and varies from 1.5 to 3.5 during food digestion, while the pH of pancreatic juice is alkaline from 7.5–8.0.
PerformLyte—A Prodosomed PL425 PEC Phytoceutical-Enriched Electrolyte Supplement—Supports Nutrient Repletion, Healthy Blood pH, Neuromuscular Synergy, Cellular and Metabolic Homeostasis
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Bernard W. Downs, Manashi Bagchi, Bruce S. Morrison, Jeffrey Galvin, Steve Kushner, Debasis Bagchi
It is important to emphasize that, except for sodium, the regular Standard American Diet is inadequate in providing enough electrolytes for appropriate physiological functions.7–11,17,18 Inadequate supply of essential electrolytes will force the human body to rob from and reallocate essential electrolytes and minerals to both noncritical biological compartments and critical physiological units (including fluids, muscles, organs, and bones), to conduct vital physiological functions of a human body.7–10 This includes maintenance of the ideal physiological pH homeostasis in the blood, which is crucial for effective and appropriate utilization of oxygen and water.17,18
Oral formulation of Prussian blue with improved efficacy for prophylactic use against thallium
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2023
Nidhi Sandal, Vivek Kumar, Pooja Sharma, Mahendra Yadav
pH modifying agent granules (F1–F12) were prepared as outlined in Tables 1 and 2. The granules were evaluated to comply with various parameters (Table 5). pH profile of F1–F12 was performed to assess their ability to increase the pH of the stomach. Stomach pH is reported to vary from 1 to 4 depending on various factors, especially the fasting or feeding state pH. Therefore, the granules were optimized at three different pH values of 1.5, 2.5, and, 3.5 (Tables 6–8). There was a negligible increase in the pH in SGF 1.5 (which may be considered as empty stomach pH) and sufficiently higher values were observed in pH 3.5 within 30 min of the study and after that, it did not increase significantly. However, the pH profile in SGF 2.5 showed better release in terms of studying and understanding the pH changes due to the formulations F1–F12. Therefore, SGF 2.5 was selected for conducting the pH profile study of the final formulation. Further, the dissolution profile of PB granules (F13–F15) was performed to study the release pattern of the drug. This parameter was not performed for the final formulation as the physical admixture of PB granules with antacid granules did not affect the dissolution of the drug.
Assessment of trace element toxicity in surface water of a fish breeding river in Bangladesh: a novel approach for ecological and health risk evaluation
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Md. Refat Jahan Rakib, Yeasmin Nahar Jolly, Bilkis Ara Begum, Tasrina Rabia Choudhury, Konika Jannat Fatema, Md. Saiful Islam, Mir Mohammad Ali, Abubakr M. Idris
Mean values of physical–chemical parameters of surface water samples from Halda River, Bangladesh are shown in Table 1. The pH of the aquatic systems is an important indicator of the water quality and the extent pollution in the watershed areas. It is the indicator of acidic or alkaline condition of water status. The standard for any purpose in-terms of pH is 6.5–8.5, in that respect; the mean value of pH in this study is 6.02 which indicates slightly acidic water. The pH value represents the acidity or alkalinity of the water (Ravikumar et al. 2013). A pH value ranged between 6 and 8.5 indicates a productive water body (Garg et al.2010), whereas the water with a low pH value is considered to be corrosive and can adversely affect the skin and eyes (Li et al.2017). APHA (2012) stated that industrial or municipal waste materials played a significant role in increasing or decreasing pH of the adjacent water body. Moreover, activities like bathing, washing, and latrines along water bodies related to fluctuations of water pH (Islam et al.2018a). Biochemical and chemical reactions are influenced by the pH (Manjare et al. 2010). Ali et al. (2016) studied the water quality of Karnaphuli River, one of the major coastal rivers in Bangladesh, and also found similar result of this study.
Appraisal of heavy metal toxicity in surface water with human health risk by a novel approach: a study on an urban river in vicinity to industrial areas of Bangladesh
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Ram Proshad, Saiful Islam, Tanmoy Roy Tusher, Dan Zhang, Sujan Khadka, Jianing Gao, Satyajit Kundu
The physicochemical parameters along with the heavy metal concentrations in the surface water of the Rupsa river is presented in Table 1. The values of all the studied water quality parameters including pH, EC, and heavy metal (Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd and Pb) concentrations were found to be higher during the winter season as compared to the values obtained during the summer season. The mean pH was observed as 7.97 ± 0.052 and 8.07 ± 0.053 during the summer and the winter season, respectively, while the pH values were ranged from 7.53 to 8.76 during the summer and from 7.62 to 8.87 during the winter season (Table 1). The pH value represents the acidity or alkalinity of the water (Ravikumar ET AL. 2013). A pH value ranged between 6 and 8.5 indicates a productive water body (Garg ET AL. 2010), whereas the water with a low pH value is considered to be corrosive and can adversely affect the skin and eyes (Li ET AL. 2017). The observed pH values in this study indicated that the river water is productive and suitable for human consumption. Islam ET AL. (2018a) observed the mean water pH of Rupsa river as 8.5, ranged from 8.1 to 9.0 during a hydrological year 2016–2017, which was slightly higher than the mean pH value of 8.2 calculated for the whole hydrological year considered in this study regardless of the seasonal variations. Ali ET AL. (2016) studied the water quality of Karnaphuli river, one of the major coastal rivers in Bangladesh, and also found similar result like present study.