China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Parenteral Nutrition Components, Admixture and Administration
Published in Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson, Optimizing Metabolic Status for the Hospitalized Patient, 2023
Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson
More granular detail on the pharmacology and chemistry is available on each of these components but is out of the scope of our discussion. For the most part, such information is not necessary for clinical decision-making. Further information can be found in pharmaceutical reference materials or pharmacology textbooks.
Finding a Target
Published in Nathan Keighley, Miraculous Medicines and the Chemistry of Drug Design, 2020
Drugs must interact with the body to produce a biological response. On a microscopic level, the tissues which comprise our bodies are made up of individual cells. It is with the cells that drugs perform their function. The cell is a very complex structure and offers numerous targets on which drugs can work. The cell likewise can be considered simply as a reaction vessel; living creatures are composed of chemicals and are obedient to the same laws of chemistry as any laboratory experiment. Knowledge of the principles of chemistry means that medicinal chemists can predict how molecules will interact with a biological target and design drugs that will generate the required response to alleviate the symptoms of a disease. The cell contains thousands of essential molecules, where chemical energy drives their biosynthetic reactions to produce the cell’s fundamental components. Small molecules, which are predominantly obtained from the diet, are used to synthesise the giant macromolecules of the cell. Principles of thermodynamics give order to these polymers in this chemical system resulting in them adopting predetermined conformations, dependent on the sequence of their monomer sub-units. These macromolecules assemble to form the vital structures of the cell, such as receptors, transport proteins, enzymes, as well as non-protein structures such as plasma membranes and nucleic acids. It is within this ensemble of molecules that a molecular target for a particular disease must be identified and a drug designed to interact with this target in such a way as to serve as a therapy.
Components of Nutrition
Published in Christopher Cumo, Ancestral Diets and Nutrition, 2020
This understanding came from the emerging science of chemistry, a discipline that sought to identify and describe the behavior of matter’s constituents: atoms and molecules. Before the twentieth century, however, the molecules and elements of nutrition (nutrients) included only proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and minerals.8 Yet rats languished when fed a diet adequate in these components but absent anything else. The discovery of the first vitamin, a word coined in 1912 and discussed later, opened a new avenue for research, and in 1928, Hungarian biochemist Albert Szent-Gyorgyi (1893–1986) isolated vitamin C, ascorbic acid.9 Subsequent researchers elucidated its role in helping the body metabolize proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Its function in collagen synthesis was important in eliminating scurvy’s symptoms. Vitamin C’s presence in many vegetables and fruits—though coconut is not rich in it—explained their effectiveness against scurvy, providing a microlevel understanding of how these disparate foods combatted the malady.
Bioanalytical strategies in drug discovery and development
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2021
Aarzoo Thakur, Zhiyuan Tan, Tsubasa Kameyama, Eman El-Khateeb, Shakti Nagpal, Stephanie Malone, Rohitash Jamwal, Chukwunonso K. Nwabufo
The determination of the identity and concentration of novel drugs and/or their metabolites in biological fluids is an important aspect of pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and toxicokinetic studies that inform the safety and efficacy profile of investigational drugs which is essential for determining their clinical translation (Russell et al. 2020, 2021; Nwabufo 2021). Bioanalysis is a branch of analytical chemistry that deals with the quantitative measurement of biomarkers, chemical entities, biologics, and/or their metabolites in biological matrices like blood, urine, serum, cerebrospinal fluids (CSF), and tissues, etc. Due to its important role in drug development, it is essential that an appropriate bioanalytical method is developed and validated to ensure the integrity of generated data.
Identification of benzimidazole containing 4H–chromen–4–one derivative as potential MAP kinase inhibitors by in-silico approaches
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2021
Kaviarasan Lakshmanan, Gowramma Byran
The area of drug research, headed by chemistry, pharmacology, and clinical sciences, has been a major contributor in shaping up and development of medicine during the past hundred. The arrival of molecular biology and genomic sciences has had a heavy consequence on this area. The procedure of drug discovery and development are both very laborious and time-consuming. Therefore, the application of computational resources to chemical and biological space for streamlining the procedure is under extensive research. In order to intensify the processes of hit identification, lead selection and optimization, analysis of ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and toxicity) profile for lead compound, computer-aided, or in silico drug discovery are employed. Hence, we are planning to incorporate both the nucleus by using adorable chemical reaction. The proposed scheme and structure of the designed compound were represented in Figure 1 and Table 1 respectively. The designed compound was evaluated for their molecular properties by the ‘Lipinski’s rule of 5’ and further their ability to bind the active site region of MAP Kinase identified using molecular docking approach.
How not to discover a drug - integrins
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2021
Pharmacology is a relatively new scientific discipline having its roots in advances in chemistry at the turn of the 20th century. Prior to this, treatments were primarily herbal in nature for practical reasons as chemists had a limited capacity to make small molecules. This change began with the synthesis of aspirin by Bayer in 1899 beginning the commercial interest in discovering new drugs. The process for discovering new drugs was really developed by Paul Ehrlich in 1909, when using a process of derivatization, he discovered an improved version of the arsenic-based therapies that were used for syphilis. This was to become the basis for chemistry-led drug discovery for the next six decades. Pharmacologists would develop models (usually animal) for their chosen disease and screen a collection of chemicals for activity in that model. This proved to be a good approach as many novel agents were discovered during this period. One typical example of this strategy was the discovery of ticlopidine and its derivative clopidogrel [1]. These are anti-thrombotic agents that were found to be effective in animal models of thrombosis. Their mechanism of action was not known and they only worked in vivo with no activity in vitro. This is a typical result from a chemistry-led project – a drug with clear activity in the disease model but with little insight into the mechanism of action.