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Interpreting Arterial Blood Gases in Trauma Patients
Published in Kajal Jain, Nidhi Bhatia, Acute Trauma Care in Developing Countries, 2023
In metabolic acidosis, pH is decreased either due to a decreased level of bicarbonate (HCO3–) or accumulation of acid in the blood. It can be seen with various clinical conditions. It is broadly divided in two categories as per status of the anion gap (AG), which is calculated by the subtraction of unmeasured anions with cations.
Renal Disease; Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Arterial blood gas analysis may be necessary to establish the patient's acid–base status. The kidney normally excretes acid, so kidney disease can lead to a metabolic acidosis.
Food Types, Dietary Supplements, and Roles
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
The pH is a measure of the acid-base balance of a solution or a water. The pH (potential Hydrogen) measures the concentration of free hydrogen ions in a solution. The pH scale ranges from 0 (the most acidic) to 14 (the most basic), with 7 as the neutral mid-point. Most tap water and a number of spring and natural mineral waters have a pH around 7. Human blood has a pH of approximately 7.4 ± 0.05. It is essential for our bodies to maintain our blood pH within a tight range. Even a small fluctuation of as little as .05 in our blood pH can have severe health risks. However, the pH of the organs throughout the rest of the body can vary widely. In our stomach, the pH is acidic and varies from 1.5 to 3.5 during food digestion, while the pH of pancreatic juice is alkaline from 7.5–8.0.
Progress in the study of nutritional status and selenium in dialysis patients
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Meiran Cao, Shuai Zheng, Wenhua Zhang, Guicai Hu
Metabolic acidosis is also prevalent in dialysis patients due to decreased ability of the kidneys to excrete acid in patients with ESRD. A higher pH may be more conducive to protein synthesis and may improve the patient’s malnutrition [79,80]. In 2009, in a cell culture study by Chiu et al. [81], it was found that the rate of intracellular protein synthesis in cell cultures increased progressively with increasing pH of the culture medium. In the same year, Mehrotra et al. [82] also found that a significant increase in net positive nitrogen balance was observed when the arterial pH was increased from 7.37 to 7.44 in patients with peritoneal dialysis. In a randomized controlled trial including 134 patients with stage 4 CKD [83], it was found that an increase in serum bicarbonate levels to 24 mmol/L compared to maintaining these levels at 20 mmol/L showed a significant improvement in mid-arm muscle circumference and serum albumin of patients and also delayed the progression of CKD.
Probiotics for the Treatment of Gastric Diseases
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Yingying Xing, Xinyue Gu, Guojing Ruan, Simiao Chen
SCFAs are important metabolites produced by microorganisms during the fermentation process. They primarily include formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and lactic acid. It is commonly known that SCFAs can curb the growth and reproduction of pathogenic bacteria and maintain the balance of intestinal flora. In recent years, various studies have reported that SCFAs may also be used to treat gastric diseases. The ethanol-induced gastric ulcer (GU) mouse model confirmed that butyric acid produced by Clostridium butyricum can reverse the destruction of gastric mucus by ethanol, which may have a therapeutic effect on GU by enhancing mucosal defense activity (19). H. pylori can produce highly active urease, which can hydrolyze urea to generate ammonia and bicarbonate. This can ultimately form a neutral environment around pathogenic bacteria to reduce the viscosity of the mucus layer and promote the passage of these microbes through the mucus layer (12). In addition, a variety of experimental studies have confirmed that acetic acid and lactic acid produced by probiotics can reduce pH levels and have a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the growth of H. pylori. This is not only reflected in the direct effect on H. pylori but also indirectly on urease (20). Additionally, Bengoa et al. also found that organic acids such as lactic acid and acetic acid produced by L. paracasei can inhibit nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling and consequently reduce the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines to exert an anti-inflammatory effect (17).
Cationic Okra gum coated nanoliposomes as a pH-sensitive carrier for co-delivery of hesperetin and oxaliplatin in colorectal cancers
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Mahboobeh Hodaei, Jaleh Varshosaz
Various grades of cationic Okra gum (COG) have been produced by grafting an aqueous solution of the cationic monomer 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CHPTAC), at 60 wt%, to the polysaccharide backbone as follows: An aqueous solution of Okra gum was made by dissolving 0.25 g of polysaccharide in 25 ml distilled water at 37 °C for about 30 min with steady stirring, then mixed with various concentrations of CHPTAC and adding 1 molar solution of sodium hydroxide to the solution. After that, the reaction was kept going for several hours. Then, to stop the cationization process, diluted hydrochloric acid was added to decrease the pH below 7. After cooling the solution to ambient temperature, the polymer was precipitated by adding an excess of isopropanol solvent and washing it with 95% ethanol to eliminate the residual chemical reagents. It was then dried in an oven at 40 °C for 72 h (Pal et al. 2007; Prieto et al. 2012; Kumar et al. 2019).