China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Environmental Toxins and Cardiovascular Disease
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Measuring body load of every toxin is not only prohibitively expensive, but many are not currently measurable through commercial laboratories. Fortunately, there is a readily available and inexpensive test to monitor total body load of toxins: GGTP. While blood levels of this liver enzyme were measured in the past to diagnose liver inflammation, its better use is in environmental medicine. The role of this enzyme in the liver is to recycle glutathione which plays a key role in both increasing the detoxification and excretion of many toxins as well as protecting normal tissues from the oxidative stress the toxins induce. Within the normal range, GGTP increases in proportion to toxic load—including alcohol consumption—and oxidative stress. (A small percentage of the population does not increase GGTP in response to toxic load. In the author’s experience, these people are usually more sensitive to chemicals. They also will not show an increase in GGTP after alcohol consumption.)
Radiopharmaceuticals for Radionuclide Therapy
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Meltem Ocak, Emre Demirci, Jessie R. Nedrow, Rebecca Krimins
The approved injection dose is 50 KBq/kg body weight for a total of 6 cycles. The excretion is mainly by gastrointestinal tract. In contrast to 153Sm–EDTMP, urinary excretion is minimal (around 5%) [73]. Pharmacokinetics testing of 223Ra showed rapid clearance from the blood, with less than 1 per cent remaining at 24 h [76]. Mild and reversible myelosuppression occurs after intravenous injection, with a nadir in 2–4 weeks, resolving in 6 weeks after administration. Furthermore, diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting occur in around 10 per cent of cases [73].
Clearance Pathways and Tumor Targeting of Imaging Nanoparticles *
Published in Valerio Voliani, Nanomaterials and Neoplasms, 2021
Excretion is an essential biological process that prevents damage and toxicity by eliminating unwanted materials from the body. There are two major excretion routes: the renal (urine) and hepatic (bile to feces) pathways for contrast agents. In general, renal excretion is preferred because the contrast agents can be rapidly eliminated while little cellular internalization/metabolism is involved, thus effectively minimizing body exposure to the contrast agents. The renal pathway relies on glomerular filtration in the kidneys; thus, the material size, charge, and shape all affect the filtration efficiency. The filtration-size threshold of glomerular capillary walls is typically 6–8 nm for spherical particles (size-, charge-, and surface ligand-dependent within this range),14 indicating renal excretion is exclusive only for materials with ultrasmall hydrodynamic diameters (HDs).
Cetuximab-conjugated PLGA nanoparticles as a prospective targeting therapeutics for non-small cell lung cancer
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2023
Leena Kumari, Iman Ehsan, Arunima Mondal, Ashique Al Hoque, Biswajit Mukherjee, Pritha Choudhury, Arunima Sengupta, Ramkrishna Sen, Prasanta Ghosh
The liver and kidney are the two crucial organs involved in the body’s primary metabolism and excretion, respectively. As a result, aberrant liver and kidney functions are thought to be a sign of clinical symptoms, making the biochemical parameters that regulate the functions of these organs as a promising therapeutic target. The results of this study showed that the liver and kidney toxicity markers, ALP, SGPT, SGOT, urea, and creatinine, of the experimental mice treated with various nanoformulations revealed that levels of toxicity were in the order of DTX > DTX NP > Cet-DTX NP for a maximum dose, 40 mg/kg (Table S5). Moreover, no substantial alterations in the body weight of normal mice treated with DTX NP and Cet-DTX NP were observed up to the dose of 10 mg/kg body weight, as compared to free DTX which showed a marked change in body weight after the dose was increased to 10 mg/kg body weight (Table S6). Comparatively higher toxicity of free DTX, DTX NP, and Cet-DTX NP in normal mice was observed when the dose of the drug was increased from 20 to 40 mg/kg body weight.
Thymol Reduces Hepatorenal Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Caspase-3#xd; Activation in Rats Exposed to Indomethacin
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Tijani Abiola Stephanie, Olori O. David, Ebenezer O. Farombi
Excretion is one of the kidney’s functions. Creatinine, cystatin-C, urea and uric acid are waste products excreted by the kidney [51] and measurement of serum cystatin-C, urea and creatinine levels gives an assessment of kidney function especially glomerular filtration rate and decrease in reabsorption [51]. In addition, electrolyte disturbances and dehydration has also been associated with renal toxicity. Increase serum levels of Na+, K+, HCO3−, and Cl− may connote an unpleasant effect on the ion-dependent processes. Thus, in this study, the elevated levels of these renal function indices in rats following administration of IND suggest kidney’s excretory dysfunction, reduction of GFR and glomerular filtration. The result of this study is similar to the previous reports [48,51]. The diminished levels of these kidney function indices in IND and THY co-treated rats revealed the nephroprotective effect of THY on IND-induced renal toxicity.
Protective effect of royal jelly on fluoride-induced nephrotoxicity in rats via the some protein biomarkers signalling pathways: a new approach for kidney damage
Published in Biomarkers, 2022
Abdullah Aslan, Seda Beyaz, Ozlem Gok, Muhammed Ismail Can, Gozde Parlak, Ramazan Gundogdu, Ibrahim Hanifi Ozercan, Serpil Baspinar
The kidneys are responsible for keeping the osmotic pressure of the blood stable by providing fluid-electrolyte balance. Importantly, they are responsible to cleanse the body from metabolic wastes such as urea, creatine, uric acid, and therefore, they contribute to the regulation of acid-base balance. In addition, they serve as a homeostasis centre, where the production site of some vital hormones such as renin and erythropoietin take place (Koken 2018). The kidneys create a stable environment in the body by regulating the volume and contents of extracellular fluid. Thus, they help to balance the uptake, production, excretion and retention of many organic and inorganic compounds. This balance ensures that the kidneys retain water and water-soluble substances, and the content of body fluids is preserved by excreting water according to body needs (Yıldıran and Gencer 2018). However, the kidneys are the prime target of many cytotoxic substances. Excess fluoride (F) is one of these cytotoxic substances. Traces of fluoride play a role in the growth of teeth and bones of humans and animals. However, excessive use of this element causes deformation of bones as well as teeth. In addition, excessive fluoride ingestion leads to nephrotoxicity, thyroid disorder and impairment in brain functions (Dharmaratne 2019). Excess fluoride inhibits various enzymatic pathways in the body, leading to dysfunctionality of the kidneys and other organs (Malin et al.2019).