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Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Published in Tricia L. Chandler, Fredrick Dombrowski, Tara G. Matthews, Co-occurring Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorders, 2022
Tricia L. Chandler, Fredrick Dombrowski
As noted, the DSM-5 separated the anxiety disorders into three distinct chapters based on the developmental considerations of how fear and anxiety manifest and persist (2013). Anxiety disorders that often have transient fear and are stress induced and persistent in duration include separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism, phobias, panic disorder, agoraphobia and, most commonly, social anxiety and generalized anxiety disorder (p. 231). The common theme in all these forms of anxiety disorders is excessive worry as an anticipatory issue that has gone on for at least six months and can be around events or activities like work or school performance that can lead to restlessness, being easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and/or sleep disturbances. Social anxiety is a fear of social gatherings and essentially the fear of being humiliated, embarrassed, or rejected by others in school, work, or social activities (p. 203). Phobias, agoraphobia, and panic disorders tend to have specific targets like a fear of spiders, extensive debilitating fear of stepping outside one’s own home, or panic in enclosed spaces. While insecure attachment issues can lead to separation anxiety, in which there is a fear of separating from those one is highly attached to, there may be unreasonable fears the individual will be lost due to some accident or event happening while out of the sight of the client (p. 191).
Phobias
Published in Judy Z. Koenigsberg, Anxiety Disorders, 2020
Symptoms of social anxiety disorder can include a broad range of fears, e.g., from speaking in front of others to eating and performing poorly in front of other individuals (Comer, 2015). This section concludes the portion on the etiology of integrated frameworks for social anxiety disorder (SAD). The next section discusses the connection between the development and maintenance of social anxiety disorder and integrated and unified treatment for social anxiety disorder (see Table 7.1).
A cognitive behavioural approach
Published in Myra Hunter, Melanie Smith, Managing Hot Flushes and Night Sweats, 2020
The CBT model of anxiety disorders identifies ‘anxious thinking’, such as predicting the worst possible outcomes in situations or viewing these situations as unnecessarily threatening, as contributing to and maintaining anxiety. For people with social anxiety, this can mean assuming that others will judge them negatively in social situations, and, as a result, sufferers are likely to avoid these social occasions (Clark and Wells 1995). People with panic disorder (commonly known as agoraphobia) tend to misinterpret anxiety symptoms in the body as being signs of imminent disaster, such as ‘going mad,’ fainting or losing control. These anxious thoughts may then trigger a panic attack, which is associated with rapid ‘chest breathing’, increased heart rate and other physical symptoms (Clark 1986). People with health anxiety (a term that replaced the unhelpful label of hypochondriasis) tend to misinterpret benign or normal physical sensations as signs of serious disease and become overly worried about their health. If health anxiety becomes severe and chronic, some people can end up having too many hospital investigations or even unnecessary (and occasionally damaging) treatments (Warwick and Salkovskis 1990).
The effects of protective behavioral strategies on heavy drinking following a pure motivational interviewing intervention
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2023
Margo C. Villarosa-Hurlocker, Fillip D. Kosorukov, Jahailah Graham, Melissa Hatch
Social anxiety is a common risk factor for hazardous drinking and alcohol use disorder (Buckner et al., 2013). Social anxiety refers to psychological distress and evaluative fears that typically leads to social avoidance (Buckner et al., 2013). Students with social anxiety tend to report more hazardous drinking and less PBS use than their less socially anxious peers (Schry & White, 2013; Terlecki et al., 2020; Villarosa et al., 2014). Though PBS appear important for these students and PBS discussions are common in BMIs, extant work has found that BMIs are less effective for students with social anxiety (Terlecki et al., 2011, 2020) and that the lack of changes to these students’ normative perceptions, derived from the PNF component of BMIs, predicted more rather than less heavy drinking post-BMI (Terlecki et al., 2012). As such, alternative interventions are needed to adequately reduce heavy drinking in students with social anxiety.
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy as a Treatment Method Against Anxiety Disorders and Depression-A Structured Literature Review
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2023
Omar Hawajri, Jennifer Lindberg, Sakari Suominen
Treatment of anxiety disorders and syndromes has been shown to work well through VRET. In some cases, there are benefits to using the method instead of, or in combination with, conventional treatment methods. This applies, for example, to social anxiety, which is often treated with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) by exposing the patient to the stimuli that give rise to anxiety while eliminating the natural defense mechanisms so that the patient learns that the feared negative consequences are unlikely to occur. But due to the nature of the disorder, it is difficult to find real-life situations where this exposure can be carried out, and it is also difficult to construct or stage these situations. In these cases, the exposure in the VRET treatment functions as a substitute for exposure in real life (Emmelkamp et al., 2020).
Detecting Intensity of Anxiety in Language of Student Veterans with Social Anxiety Using Text Analysis
Published in Journal of Technology in Human Services, 2023
Morgan Byers, Mark Trahan, Erica Nason, Chinyere Eigege, Nicole Moore, Micki Washburn, Vangelis Metsis
To improve the support network for student veterans, an interdisciplinary team of computer scientists, graphic designers, social workers, and psychologists developed a virtual reality environment to assist mental health experts in quantifying and treating social anxiety disorder (Nason, Trahan, Smith, Metsis, & Selber, 2020). Previous research from the team provided qualitative information about social anxiety experienced by patients in various settings and situations (Trahan et al., 2019). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the language of study participants in describing both the emotions associated with social anxiety in the context of stimulating environments and the intensity of those emotions as it relates to specific language. The information extracted using the current analysis is subsequently used to inform and modify the design and development of Virtual Reality (VR)-based therapeutic interventions (Metsis et al., 2019; Nason et al., 2020).