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Psychological Disorders
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Mood disorders are a group of psychological disturbances in which the central symptom is persistent disturbance of mood that is usually accompanied by other characteristic symptoms that cause psychological discomfort, impaired ability to function, or both. Mood disorders in DSM-5 involve one of two large categories: bipolar and related disorders (in which the individual at least has an episode of mania or hypomania that may or may not alternate with episodes of depression, usually with a return to normal mood between the two extremes), or depressive disorders (in which the individual has one or more periods of depression without a history of manic episodes), e.g., major depressive disorder, dysthymia, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.
100 MCQs from Dr. David Browne and Colleagues
Published in David Browne, Selena Morgan Pillay, Guy Molyneaux, Brenda Wright, Bangaru Raju, Ijaz Hussein, Mohamed Ali Ahmed, Michael Reilly, MCQs for the New MRCPsych Paper A, 2017
Dr Karen Fleming, Dr Michael Kenewali, Dr Manas Sarkar, Dr Daniel White
There is no compelling evidence of a true Mendelian mode of inheritance for unipolar depression. Recent evidence from linkage studies suggest a polygenic inheritance where several genes (e.g., in regions 15q, 17p and 8p) may contribute susceptibility to major depressive disorder. In addition, environmental factors interacting with genetic factors also play an important role in the aetiology of mood disorders. (39, pp 275–6, 42)
Physiology of postpartum depression II
Published in Kathleen A. Kendall-Tackett, Depression in New Mothers, 2016
Ross et al. noted that several factors suggest a relationship between sleep problems and depression in postpartum women (Ross, Murray, & Steiner, 2005). These are as follows: Insomnia is a significant risk for new-onset depression.Sleep disturbances are common in most psychiatric disorders.Treatments that manipulate sleep and circadian rhythms can be used to treat mood disorders.
Dynamic modelling of chronotype and hypo/manic and depressive symptoms in young people with emerging mental disorders
Published in Chronobiology International, 2023
Timothy R. Wong, Ian B. Hickie, Joanne S. Carpenter, Elizabeth M. Scott, Adam J. Guastella, Parisa Vidafar, Jan Scott, Daniel F. Hermens, Jacob J. Crouse
One-hundred-and-eighteen young people met the eligibility criteria. Descriptive statistics are presented for all eligible samples in Table 1 and across diagnostic groups in Table 2. In the baseline assessment, the samples were aged 14–30 years (M = 20.9; SD = 3.87), with 72 females (61.0%) and 46 males. Mood disorders were the most frequent diagnosis in our sample. Forty-four participants had a primary diagnosis of a depressive disorder, 46 with a bipolar disorder, 19 with a psychotic disorder, and 9 with “other” disorders (anxiety disorders [n = 6], cyclothymia [n = 1], obsessive-compulsive disorder [n = 1], attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [n = 1]). Severity of depressive and hypo/manic symptoms were mild (on average) at baseline and follow-up. Substance use (tobacco, alcohol, cannabis) and use of psychotropic medications (antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilisers) were prevalent among our sample (Table 1).
Mechanisms and Methods to Understand Depressive Symptoms
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2022
Sameena F. Sheikh-Wu, Kathryn S. Gerber, Melissa D. Pinto, Charles A. Downs
Since the 1990s, the number of people experiencing depressive symptoms has risen over 50%, with ∼264 million people worldwide experiencing depressive symptoms (Chow et al., 2019). Depressive symptoms are feelings of sadness, anger, and loss that may interfere with a person’s daily life and are also characteristics of a mood disorder (WHO, 2020). Depressive symptoms, including sub-threshold presentations, increase the risk for early morbidity and mortality irrespective of meeting clinical criteria for psychiatric disease (Celano et al., 2018). Although depressive symptoms may be a feature of a variety of mood disorders, such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder, depressive symptoms often occur independently of an underlying mood disorder diagnosis. Moreover, not all individuals who experience depressive symptoms meet diagnostic criteria for a mood disorder, nor does the presence of depressive symptoms alone indicate a person will ultimately develop a mood disorder. Depressive symptoms range from anhedonia (the inability to feel pleasure), fatigue, sleep, and appetite disturbances to depressed mood (Cooper et al., 2018; Winer et al., 2019) and are associated with various acute and chronic health conditions and diseases, such as cancer, traumatic brain injury, and mental illness (Celano et al., 2018; Hartung et al., 2017; Lee et al., 2018; Miller et al., 2013; Rugulies et al., 2020).
Psychobiotics as treatment for anxiety, depression, and related symptoms: a systematic review
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Kristen S. Smith, Michael W. Greene, Jeganathan Ramesh Babu, Andrew D. Frugé
Depression and anxiety both rank in the top five mental and physical conditions that affect Americans [1]. One in five US adults will be clinically depressed [2], and subsequently have impaired quality of life during their lifetime [3]. Anxiety, a comorbidity accompanying depression [4], and its treatment cost $29.1 billion annually in personal health care expenditure in the US [5]. Severity of both anxiety and depression are highly influenced by stress [6]. These three conditions are often intertwined. Watson and Clark described the tripartite model of depression and anxiety, where an independent stressor could have positive affectivity or negative affectivity on the severity of depression and/or anxiety [4]. Negative stress stimuli in life may cause worsening of depression and anxiety by increased negative affectivity, while the opposite is true for positive stress stimuli. Stress, whether negative or positive, is an unwavering aspect of life, and there are physiological mechanisms to cope with normal levels of stress. However, disease and illness arise when coping mechanisms become overwhelmed [7]. Developing novel therapeutic methods for treatment of these mood disorders, as well as exacerbation from outside stressors, is necessary to moderate the burden of these comorbid conditions.